Enhanced removal of cationic dye DRMD using cellulose-graphene oxide composite: kinetics, mechanism and optimization

Millions of tons of dyes are released into water bodies each year, most of which are azo dyes and pose a threat to soil and water ecosystems. This article introduces a simple sol–gel technique for producing a composite of Cellulose-Graphene oxide (CGO) beads as an adsorbent with outstanding adsorption efficiency for a commercial textile dye, Doracryl Red MD (DRMD). The crystal phases, functional groups, thermal stability, and morphology of GO, Cellulose, and CGO beads were extensively studied using various characterization methods, including XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and TGA. The adsorption process was optimized for different pH levels, dosages, initial dye concentrations, and contact times. The adsorption process followed Freundlich adsorption isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetics. CGO adsorbent demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 577.874 mg/g, indicating its potential for eliminating organic contaminants from wastewater.