<p>For a window <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( g\in L^2(\mathbb {R}) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the subset of all lattice parameters <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( (a, b)\in \mathbb {R}^2_+ \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="294" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal {G}(g,a,b)=\{e^{2\pi ib m\cdot }g(\cdot -a k): k, m\in \mathbb {Z}\} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo>·</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> forms a frame for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( L^2(\mathbb {R}) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is known as the frame set of <i>g</i>. In time-frequency analysis, determining the Gabor frame set for a given window is a challenging open problem. In particular, the frame set for B-splines has many obstructions. Lemvig and Nielsen in (J. Fourier Anal. Appl. <b>22</b>, 1440–1451, 2016) conjectured that if <Equation ID="Equ42"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_Equ42.gif" Format="GIF" Height="38" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="402" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} a_0=\dfrac{1}{2m+1},~ b_0=\dfrac{2k+1}{2},~k,m\in \mathbb {N},~k&gt;m,~a_0b_0&lt;1, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>then the Gabor system <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal {G}(Q_2, a, b) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the second-order B-spline <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( Q_2 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is not a frame along the hyperbolas <Equation ID="Equ43"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_Equ43.gif" Format="GIF" Height="43" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="406" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} ab=\dfrac{2k+1}{2(2m+1)},\text { for }b\in \left[ b_0-a_0\dfrac{k-m}{2}, b_0+a_0\dfrac{k-m}{2}\right] , \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>for</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>b</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mfenced close="]" open="["> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>for every <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( a_0 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( b_0 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Nielsen in (2015) also conjectured that <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal {G}(Q_2, a,b) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is not a frame for <Equation ID="Equ44"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10444_2025_10239_Article_Equ44.gif" Format="GIF" Height="37" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="535" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=\dfrac{1}{2m},~b=\dfrac{2k+1}{2},~k,m\in \mathbb {N},~k&gt;m,~ab&lt;1\text { with }\gcd (4m,2k+1)=1.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>with</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mo movablelimits="true">gcd</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>In this paper, we prove that both Conjectures are true.</p>

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Obstructions for Gabor frames of the second-order B-spline

  • Riya Ghosh,
  • A. Antony Selvan

摘要

For a window \( g\in L^2(\mathbb {R}) \) g L 2 ( R ) , the subset of all lattice parameters \( (a, b)\in \mathbb {R}^2_+ \) ( a , b ) R + 2 such that \( \mathcal {G}(g,a,b)=\{e^{2\pi ib m\cdot }g(\cdot -a k): k, m\in \mathbb {Z}\} \) G ( g , a , b ) = { e 2 π i b m · g ( · - a k ) : k , m Z } forms a frame for \( L^2(\mathbb {R}) \) L 2 ( R ) is known as the frame set of g. In time-frequency analysis, determining the Gabor frame set for a given window is a challenging open problem. In particular, the frame set for B-splines has many obstructions. Lemvig and Nielsen in (J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 22, 1440–1451, 2016) conjectured that if \(\begin{aligned} a_0=\dfrac{1}{2m+1},~ b_0=\dfrac{2k+1}{2},~k,m\in \mathbb {N},~k>m,~a_0b_0<1, \end{aligned}\) a 0 = 1 2 m + 1 , b 0 = 2 k + 1 2 , k , m N , k > m , a 0 b 0 < 1 , then the Gabor system \( \mathcal {G}(Q_2, a, b) \) G ( Q 2 , a , b ) of the second-order B-spline \( Q_2 \) Q 2 is not a frame along the hyperbolas \(\begin{aligned} ab=\dfrac{2k+1}{2(2m+1)},\text { for }b\in \left[ b_0-a_0\dfrac{k-m}{2}, b_0+a_0\dfrac{k-m}{2}\right] , \end{aligned}\) a b = 2 k + 1 2 ( 2 m + 1 ) , for b b 0 - a 0 k - m 2 , b 0 + a 0 k - m 2 , for every \( a_0 \) a 0 , \( b_0 \) b 0 . Nielsen in (2015) also conjectured that \( \mathcal {G}(Q_2, a,b) \) G ( Q 2 , a , b ) is not a frame for \(a=\dfrac{1}{2m},~b=\dfrac{2k+1}{2},~k,m\in \mathbb {N},~k>m,~ab<1\text { with }\gcd (4m,2k+1)=1.\) a = 1 2 m , b = 2 k + 1 2 , k , m N , k > m , a b < 1 with gcd ( 4 m , 2 k + 1 ) = 1 . In this paper, we prove that both Conjectures are true.