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<p>Predicting the off-axis response of directional woven composites is challenging due to their inherent anisotropy. Which is essential for designing reliable structures under multiaxial loading. This study combines mechanical testing with 3D meso-scale modeling and 2D-DIC to characterize plain-woven carbon/epoxy laminates. Specimens were fabricated via VARTM and then cut at warp, weft, 30°, and 60° orientations. On-axis specimens exhibited high modulus (~ 39 GPa) and strength (~ 890&#xa0;MPa), providing high total energy absorption. While off-axis orientations retained only ~ 40% of the modulus and ~ 20% of the strength. But they ultimately exhibited a 133–150% higher failure strain, confirming a trade-off where superior damage tolerance is achieved. DIC and microscopy revealed brittle fiber failure on-axis versus progressive yarn rotation and matrix shear at off-axis orientations. A multi-scale finite element model, incorporating Hashin’s damage criteria, was developed and validated against these findings. The proposed model successfully predicts both mechanical properties and damage progression. The results provide a validated predictive framework for designing application-specific composites, enabling the strategic selection of orientation to achieve targeted stiffness or enhanced damage tolerance.</p>

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Damage Tolerance and Energy Absorption of Plain-Woven Directional Composites Via Coupled DIC and Finite Element Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Muqaddas Iqbal,
  • Wintana Selemun,
  • Bohong Gu

摘要

Predicting the off-axis response of directional woven composites is challenging due to their inherent anisotropy. Which is essential for designing reliable structures under multiaxial loading. This study combines mechanical testing with 3D meso-scale modeling and 2D-DIC to characterize plain-woven carbon/epoxy laminates. Specimens were fabricated via VARTM and then cut at warp, weft, 30°, and 60° orientations. On-axis specimens exhibited high modulus (~ 39 GPa) and strength (~ 890 MPa), providing high total energy absorption. While off-axis orientations retained only ~ 40% of the modulus and ~ 20% of the strength. But they ultimately exhibited a 133–150% higher failure strain, confirming a trade-off where superior damage tolerance is achieved. DIC and microscopy revealed brittle fiber failure on-axis versus progressive yarn rotation and matrix shear at off-axis orientations. A multi-scale finite element model, incorporating Hashin’s damage criteria, was developed and validated against these findings. The proposed model successfully predicts both mechanical properties and damage progression. The results provide a validated predictive framework for designing application-specific composites, enabling the strategic selection of orientation to achieve targeted stiffness or enhanced damage tolerance.