<p>Double-Double (DD) laminates have attracted growing interest because of their design flexibility and the potential to reduce ply count while maintaining stiffness; however, their performance under repeated impacts and the ensuing residual compressive strength (RCS) remain insufficiently understood. In this work, a DD laminate with the stacking sequence <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\left[52/-32/-52/32\right]}_{4T}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> was configured to match the bending stiffness of a Quadriaxial (Quad) laminate, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\left[{-45}_{2}/{45}_{2}/{0}_{2}/{90}_{2}\right]}_{s}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A finite element framework—previously validated against low-velocity impact (LVI) experiments—was employed to simulate two successive same-site impacts with energies of 5, 15, and 25&#xa0;J, followed by compression after impact (CAI) loading to determine RCS. Results show that the DD laminate better preserves global structural integrity; however, once damage is initiated, its severity exceeds that of the Quad laminate at the same impact energy. Under otherwise identical conditions, the delamination damage projected area (DDPA) in the DD laminate is 30.01–53.45% smaller than that of the Quad, and during the second impact, the delamination preferentially propagates through the thickness rather than in-plane. CAI analyses further indicate that the DD laminate accumulates less matrix compressive damage than the Quad. For the pristine DD laminate, compressive failure is governed by the combined action of delamination initiated under load and fiber compression damage, whereas in the impacted DD laminate it is dominated by delamination. The second impact does not alter the failure mode. Under the same conditions, the DD laminate achieves an RCS 6.17–23.80% higher than that of the Quad, and the second impact reduces RCS by less than 10%. These findings provide a reference for evaluating secondary impact response and RCS of DD laminates.</p>

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Numerical Study on the Secondary Impact Response of Double-Double Composite Laminates

  • Xiaoqiang Wang,
  • Wenbo Zhang,
  • Shaowei Lu,
  • Lu Zhang,
  • Chengkun Ma,
  • Weitao Zhao,
  • Eshkuvat Arzikulov

摘要

Double-Double (DD) laminates have attracted growing interest because of their design flexibility and the potential to reduce ply count while maintaining stiffness; however, their performance under repeated impacts and the ensuing residual compressive strength (RCS) remain insufficiently understood. In this work, a DD laminate with the stacking sequence \(\:{\left[52/-32/-52/32\right]}_{4T}\) was configured to match the bending stiffness of a Quadriaxial (Quad) laminate, \(\:{\left[{-45}_{2}/{45}_{2}/{0}_{2}/{90}_{2}\right]}_{s}\) . A finite element framework—previously validated against low-velocity impact (LVI) experiments—was employed to simulate two successive same-site impacts with energies of 5, 15, and 25 J, followed by compression after impact (CAI) loading to determine RCS. Results show that the DD laminate better preserves global structural integrity; however, once damage is initiated, its severity exceeds that of the Quad laminate at the same impact energy. Under otherwise identical conditions, the delamination damage projected area (DDPA) in the DD laminate is 30.01–53.45% smaller than that of the Quad, and during the second impact, the delamination preferentially propagates through the thickness rather than in-plane. CAI analyses further indicate that the DD laminate accumulates less matrix compressive damage than the Quad. For the pristine DD laminate, compressive failure is governed by the combined action of delamination initiated under load and fiber compression damage, whereas in the impacted DD laminate it is dominated by delamination. The second impact does not alter the failure mode. Under the same conditions, the DD laminate achieves an RCS 6.17–23.80% higher than that of the Quad, and the second impact reduces RCS by less than 10%. These findings provide a reference for evaluating secondary impact response and RCS of DD laminates.