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<p>Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are recognized as quintessential soft actuators due to their flexibility, light weight, and rapid response at low voltages. However, the IPMCs-based actuators in practice are often subjected to an electrochemical-mechanical coupling cyclic loading, which can lead to performance degradation or failure. Long-term actuation is primarily influenced by two key factors: (1) weakening of counterion migration due to internal electrode cracks, and (2) migration weakening of water molecules due to waterloss. Notably, these dynamic transfer-dependent fatigue behaviors are significantly greater than static damage-dependent fatigue behavior from polymer chain fracture and electrode metal damage. These electrochemical-mechanical coupling properties and dynamic transfer-dependent fatigue characteristics of IPMCs complicate the accurate prediction of their long-term actuation behavior and fatigue life. This study develops a double species diffusion-dependent fatigue to systematically and quantitatively characterize the IPMCs’ long-term performance. The model incorporates cross-diffusion and time-dependent migration, weakening of counterions and water molecules. Micromechanism-based electrochemical-mechanical constitutive and loss relations are derived using Langevin statistics and the Eyring equation. Building on this foundation, an electrochemical-mechanical fatigue damage index is introduced to quantify the relationship between the driving force weakening, cycle period, and fatigue life. The finite element implementation is realized, and the simulation model is calibrated through a series of tests. The long-term actuation behavior and dynamic transfer-dependent fatigue characteristics of IPMCs under cyclic electric excitation are analyzed, and the fatigue life is predicted under varying initial water concentrations and electric field intensities. Results show that fatigue life decreases with increased electrical stimulation and lower initial water concentration. This work provides theoretical understanding and design guidelines for IPMCs’ long-cycle service behavior at macro/micro scales in the actuation field.</p>

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Species diffusion-dependent fatigue model of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) under electrochemical-mechanical coupling cyclic loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Li Zhang,
  • Yikun Wu,
  • Yiqi Mao,
  • Shujuan Hou

摘要

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are recognized as quintessential soft actuators due to their flexibility, light weight, and rapid response at low voltages. However, the IPMCs-based actuators in practice are often subjected to an electrochemical-mechanical coupling cyclic loading, which can lead to performance degradation or failure. Long-term actuation is primarily influenced by two key factors: (1) weakening of counterion migration due to internal electrode cracks, and (2) migration weakening of water molecules due to waterloss. Notably, these dynamic transfer-dependent fatigue behaviors are significantly greater than static damage-dependent fatigue behavior from polymer chain fracture and electrode metal damage. These electrochemical-mechanical coupling properties and dynamic transfer-dependent fatigue characteristics of IPMCs complicate the accurate prediction of their long-term actuation behavior and fatigue life. This study develops a double species diffusion-dependent fatigue to systematically and quantitatively characterize the IPMCs’ long-term performance. The model incorporates cross-diffusion and time-dependent migration, weakening of counterions and water molecules. Micromechanism-based electrochemical-mechanical constitutive and loss relations are derived using Langevin statistics and the Eyring equation. Building on this foundation, an electrochemical-mechanical fatigue damage index is introduced to quantify the relationship between the driving force weakening, cycle period, and fatigue life. The finite element implementation is realized, and the simulation model is calibrated through a series of tests. The long-term actuation behavior and dynamic transfer-dependent fatigue characteristics of IPMCs under cyclic electric excitation are analyzed, and the fatigue life is predicted under varying initial water concentrations and electric field intensities. Results show that fatigue life decreases with increased electrical stimulation and lower initial water concentration. This work provides theoretical understanding and design guidelines for IPMCs’ long-cycle service behavior at macro/micro scales in the actuation field.