<p>The freezing of droplets is a complex interdisciplinary research topic involving physics, chemistry, and computational science. This phenomenon has attracted considerable attention due to its significant applications in aerospace, meteorology, materials science, cryobiology, and pharmaceutical development. The development of microfluidic technology provides an ideal platform for microscopic physical research. In this study, we designed a spiral-shaped milli-reactor with a T-junction microchannel to generate digital droplets for studying and observing the digital freezing process of droplets. During the study of the recalescence and solidification processes of digital droplets dynamically moving in microchannels, we found that although the digital generation of droplets in our channel aligns well with the literature, achieving the digitalization of the droplet freezing process is very challenging. Even the initial phase of freezing (the recalescence process) exhibits significant randomness. A key feature of the randomness in the freezing process is the nucleation position of droplets within the channel, which significantly impacts the digital characteristics and hinders digital freezing. During the investigation of freezing randomness, we identified five distinct nucleation profiles, which largely determine the evolution of the freezing front and the duration of the recalescence phase. However, upon studying the motion velocity of the freezing front, we found that these velocities are temperature-dependent. This aligns with the results of our phase-field simulations and experimental findings, indicating that the release of latent heat during the recalescence process is stable. Additionally, the randomness in freezing may also stem from the deformation of droplets during the solidification process. In this study, we identified two distinct solidification modes during the freezing phase: one initiating from the droplet’s head or tail and the other starting from the middle, with the latter causing significant droplet deformation. Through statistical analysis, we further explored the influence of flow rate variation on the digital clustering of droplet freezing and discovered flow rate parameters that optimize freezing digitalization. For instance, when the oil phase flow rate is fixed, varying the water phase flow rate initially increases and then decreases the flatness factor, reaching a maximum at a water phase flow rate of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10404_2025_2790_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="129" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Q_w = 0.5 \, \text {mL/min}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>w</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mtext>mL/min</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, indicating optimal clustering of droplets. The findings of this study provide new perspectives and approaches for controlling droplet freezing in microfluidic systems, while also offering significant insights into the unique behaviors and phenomena of nucleation and solidification processes at the microscale.</p>

Study on dynamic solidification of digital droplets and random behaviors during the recalescence process in a spiral-shaped milli-reactor

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发表日期：

2025年2月14日

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Yulin Wang,
Z. L. Wang

摘要

The freezing of droplets is a complex interdisciplinary research topic involving physics, chemistry, and computational science. This phenomenon has attracted considerable attention due to its significant applications in aerospace, meteorology, materials science, cryobiology, and pharmaceutical development. The development of microfluidic technology provides an ideal platform for microscopic physical research. In this study, we designed a spiral-shaped milli-reactor with a T-junction microchannel to generate digital droplets for studying and observing the digital freezing process of droplets. During the study of the recalescence and solidification processes of digital droplets dynamically moving in microchannels, we found that although the digital generation of droplets in our channel aligns well with the literature, achieving the digitalization of the droplet freezing process is very challenging. Even the initial phase of freezing (the recalescence process) exhibits significant randomness. A key feature of the randomness in the freezing process is the nucleation position of droplets within the channel, which significantly impacts the digital characteristics and hinders digital freezing. During the investigation of freezing randomness, we identified five distinct nucleation profiles, which largely determine the evolution of the freezing front and the duration of the recalescence phase. However, upon studying the motion velocity of the freezing front, we found that these velocities are temperature-dependent. This aligns with the results of our phase-field simulations and experimental findings, indicating that the release of latent heat during the recalescence process is stable. Additionally, the randomness in freezing may also stem from the deformation of droplets during the solidification process. In this study, we identified two distinct solidification modes during the freezing phase: one initiating from the droplet’s head or tail and the other starting from the middle, with the latter causing significant droplet deformation. Through statistical analysis, we further explored the influence of flow rate variation on the digital clustering of droplet freezing and discovered flow rate parameters that optimize freezing digitalization. For instance, when the oil phase flow rate is fixed, varying the water phase flow rate initially increases and then decreases the flatness factor, reaching a maximum at a water phase flow rate of $Q_w = 0.5 \, \text {mL/min}$ $Q_{w} = 0.5 mL/min$ , indicating optimal clustering of droplets. The findings of this study provide new perspectives and approaches for controlling droplet freezing in microfluidic systems, while also offering significant insights into the unique behaviors and phenomena of nucleation and solidification processes at the microscale.