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Purpose <p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sample volume position on fetal cardiac output (CO) measurements.</p> Methods <p>Fetuses with normal hearts were enrolled. Fetal CO was calculated using the pulsed Doppler method, with the velocity time integral (VTI) recorded at two distinct positions: the valve hinge level (Valve: V group) and just distal to the valve (Supra-valve: S group). Additionally, we acquired electronic spatio-temporal image correlation (eSTIC) volume data. Left-ventricular CO was calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate, with stroke volume derived from left-ventricular volume measurements using the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) technique on the three-dimensional eSTIC data (eSTIC group). We then compared the left-ventricular CO levels among the V, S, and eSTIC groups to assess their correlation.</p> Results <p>The S group showed significantly larger VTI of the aortic valve (8.5 ± 2.3 vs. 9.3 ± 2.5&#xa0;cm, V vs. S group). Similarly, the S group also had significantly larger VTI of the pulmonary valve (7.0 ± 1.9 vs. 8.2 ± 2.2&#xa0;cm). Combined cardiac output (CCO) in the V group was 396 ± 136&#xa0;mL/min/kg, and that in the S group was 450 ± 154&#xa0;mL/kg/min, which also showed that the S group had a significantly larger CCO. Focusing on left ventricle CO, the V group was 140 ± 73&#xa0;mL/kg/min, the S group was 157 ± 77&#xa0;mL/kg/min, and the eSTIC group was 133 ± 69&#xa0;mL/kg/min. This suggested that the V group's results were more similar to the eSTIC group's.</p> Conclusion <p>This study suggests that CO measurements are significantly influenced by the sample volume position. Furthermore, placing the VTI sample volume on the valve hinge level appears to reflect CO more accurately.</p>

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Impact of pulsed Doppler sample volume position on fetal cardiac output calculation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Kosuke Yonehara,
  • Kiyohiro Takigiku,
  • Noboru Tanaka,
  • Ryusuke Numata,
  • Yuma Shibuya,
  • Haruka Obinata,
  • Yohei Akazawa,
  • Kohta Takei

摘要

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sample volume position on fetal cardiac output (CO) measurements.

Methods

Fetuses with normal hearts were enrolled. Fetal CO was calculated using the pulsed Doppler method, with the velocity time integral (VTI) recorded at two distinct positions: the valve hinge level (Valve: V group) and just distal to the valve (Supra-valve: S group). Additionally, we acquired electronic spatio-temporal image correlation (eSTIC) volume data. Left-ventricular CO was calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate, with stroke volume derived from left-ventricular volume measurements using the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) technique on the three-dimensional eSTIC data (eSTIC group). We then compared the left-ventricular CO levels among the V, S, and eSTIC groups to assess their correlation.

Results

The S group showed significantly larger VTI of the aortic valve (8.5 ± 2.3 vs. 9.3 ± 2.5 cm, V vs. S group). Similarly, the S group also had significantly larger VTI of the pulmonary valve (7.0 ± 1.9 vs. 8.2 ± 2.2 cm). Combined cardiac output (CCO) in the V group was 396 ± 136 mL/min/kg, and that in the S group was 450 ± 154 mL/kg/min, which also showed that the S group had a significantly larger CCO. Focusing on left ventricle CO, the V group was 140 ± 73 mL/kg/min, the S group was 157 ± 77 mL/kg/min, and the eSTIC group was 133 ± 69 mL/kg/min. This suggested that the V group's results were more similar to the eSTIC group's.

Conclusion

This study suggests that CO measurements are significantly influenced by the sample volume position. Furthermore, placing the VTI sample volume on the valve hinge level appears to reflect CO more accurately.