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Aim <p>The aim of this study is to examine the reasons why couples use withdrawal, how they use it, and their feelings and thoughts about this method from both female and male perspectives, using a comprehensive approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods.</p> Subject and methods <p>This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. In the quantitative phase, data were collected through an online survey from 228 individuals aged 18–49 living in different regions of Turkey and analyzed using descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS Statistics version 30.0. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 participants and analyzed using thematic content analysis with the support of MAXQDA 2022 software.</p> Results <p>Of the participants, 72.4% reported using the method after deciding together with their partners, and 81.1% reported not experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. The main reasons participants preferred the method were naturalness (81.6%), lack of side effects (75.9%), and absence of hormones (68.4%). Eight themes were identified in the qualitative analysis: naturalness and avoidance of medical intervention, partner trust and responsibility, body awareness, sexual life, risk perception, cultural/religious frameworks, interaction with the health system, and satisfaction. Withdrawal was conceptualized as protection, bodily autonomy, relational harmony, and natural balance.</p> Conclusion <p>The withdrawal method was evaluated by participants as an expression of bodily awareness, natural balance, mutual trust, and cultural harmony. In reproductive health services, it is recommended to develop counselling approaches that support individuals’ preferences without judgement and are highly culturally sensitive.</p>

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Beyond effectiveness: an examination of the withdrawal method in the context of physical autonomy, trust, and cultural values

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Yeliz Yıldırım Varışoğlu,
  • Meserret Aslan,
  • Anayit Margirit Coşkun

摘要

Aim

The aim of this study is to examine the reasons why couples use withdrawal, how they use it, and their feelings and thoughts about this method from both female and male perspectives, using a comprehensive approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods.

Subject and methods

This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. In the quantitative phase, data were collected through an online survey from 228 individuals aged 18–49 living in different regions of Turkey and analyzed using descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS Statistics version 30.0. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 participants and analyzed using thematic content analysis with the support of MAXQDA 2022 software.

Results

Of the participants, 72.4% reported using the method after deciding together with their partners, and 81.1% reported not experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. The main reasons participants preferred the method were naturalness (81.6%), lack of side effects (75.9%), and absence of hormones (68.4%). Eight themes were identified in the qualitative analysis: naturalness and avoidance of medical intervention, partner trust and responsibility, body awareness, sexual life, risk perception, cultural/religious frameworks, interaction with the health system, and satisfaction. Withdrawal was conceptualized as protection, bodily autonomy, relational harmony, and natural balance.

Conclusion

The withdrawal method was evaluated by participants as an expression of bodily awareness, natural balance, mutual trust, and cultural harmony. In reproductive health services, it is recommended to develop counselling approaches that support individuals’ preferences without judgement and are highly culturally sensitive.