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Objectives <p>To investigate the short-term and long-term association between falls and depression risk in middle-aged and older adults.</p> Methods <p>Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011–2020) were used. Cross-sectional analysis included 14,919 participants aged ≥ 45 at baseline, employing weighted logistic regression to assess the association between falls in the past 2 years and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal analysis included 7543 participants, using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to evaluate the long-term impact of baseline fall history on depression risk.</p> Results <p>Cross-sectional analysis revealed a significant association between falls and depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.75–2.19). Among fallers, multiple injurious falls increased depression risk by 1.37-fold compared to falls not requiring medical treatment (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.03–1.84). Longitudinal analysis confirmed that individuals with a fall history had a 1.27-fold higher depression risk than those without (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13–1.42).</p> Conclusion <p>Recent falls, particularly multiple injurious falls, increase depression risk in both the short and long term. Targeted prevention strategies should be implemented to reduce fall-related injuries, with enhanced mental health screening for those experiencing injurious falls.</p>

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The short-term and long-term effects of falls on depression: evidence from the CHARLS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Xiuxiang Wang,
  • Pei Feng,
  • Yuzhu Wang,
  • Qingjie Zhang,
  • Hongmei Li

摘要

Objectives

To investigate the short-term and long-term association between falls and depression risk in middle-aged and older adults.

Methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011–2020) were used. Cross-sectional analysis included 14,919 participants aged ≥ 45 at baseline, employing weighted logistic regression to assess the association between falls in the past 2 years and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal analysis included 7543 participants, using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to evaluate the long-term impact of baseline fall history on depression risk.

Results

Cross-sectional analysis revealed a significant association between falls and depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.75–2.19). Among fallers, multiple injurious falls increased depression risk by 1.37-fold compared to falls not requiring medical treatment (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.03–1.84). Longitudinal analysis confirmed that individuals with a fall history had a 1.27-fold higher depression risk than those without (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13–1.42).

Conclusion

Recent falls, particularly multiple injurious falls, increase depression risk in both the short and long term. Targeted prevention strategies should be implemented to reduce fall-related injuries, with enhanced mental health screening for those experiencing injurious falls.