Aim <p>The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature on the effects of walking football interventions on physical, mental, and functional health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.</p> Subject and methods <p>This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework. A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) up to April 2025. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies scales.</p> Results <p>Nine reports involving 344 participants aged 50 to 81&#xa0;years were included. Walking football interventions lasted 4 to 16&#xa0;weeks, with 1 to 3 weekly sessions. Walking football showed consistent within-group improvements in cardiovascular function, physical fitness, functional autonomy, and balance. Mixed results were found for mental health and metabolic variables. Between-group comparisons favored walking football mainly for cardiovascular and physical fitness outcomes. Meta-analyses of anthropometric outcomes showed nonsignificant effects of walking football on body mass index (Hedges’ <i>g</i> =  −0.31; 95% confidence interval = [−0.88, 0.26]) and body fat percentage (Hedges’ <i>g</i> =  −0.62; 95% confidence interval = [−2.49, 1.25]), with moderate-to-high heterogeneity.</p> Conclusion <p>Walking football appears to be a promising, safe, and feasible intervention.</p>

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Impact of walking football on middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Nerea Blanco-Martínez,
  • Daniel González-Devesa,
  • Silvia Varela,
  • Carlos Ayán-Pérez

摘要

Aim

The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature on the effects of walking football interventions on physical, mental, and functional health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.

Subject and methods

This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework. A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) up to April 2025. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies scales.

Results

Nine reports involving 344 participants aged 50 to 81 years were included. Walking football interventions lasted 4 to 16 weeks, with 1 to 3 weekly sessions. Walking football showed consistent within-group improvements in cardiovascular function, physical fitness, functional autonomy, and balance. Mixed results were found for mental health and metabolic variables. Between-group comparisons favored walking football mainly for cardiovascular and physical fitness outcomes. Meta-analyses of anthropometric outcomes showed nonsignificant effects of walking football on body mass index (Hedges’ g =  −0.31; 95% confidence interval = [−0.88, 0.26]) and body fat percentage (Hedges’ g =  −0.62; 95% confidence interval = [−2.49, 1.25]), with moderate-to-high heterogeneity.

Conclusion

Walking football appears to be a promising, safe, and feasible intervention.