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Aim <p>The aim of the study was to conduct an epidemiological analysis of lead (Pb) content in the hair of students from three countries: Poland, France, and Belarus in terms of body mass index (BMI) values.</p> Subject and methods <p>The study was conducted on a group of 121 students, including 39 (29 women, 10 men) from France, 50 (29 women, 21 men) from Poland, and 32 (21 women, 11 men) from Belarus in the age ranges of 18–25 (79 women, 42 men). The hair concentration of Pb was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), using a Hitachi TM-3000 apparatus equipped with an X-ray with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrometer for microanalysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the program STATISTICA v. 10.0 PL and Microsoft Office 2010. To select an appropriate test, the Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check whether the determined element was normally distributed. After finding statistically significant differences compared to the normal distribution and relatively high standard deviations and ranges, the Pb content was analyzed using nonparametric tests (the Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test and the Kruskal–Wallis test with multiple comparisons—the Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test). The studies were conducted after obtaining the consent of the Bioethical Committee of the Medical University of Lublin No. KE-0254/62/2018.</p> Results <p>The Pb content in the hair of the students involved in the study varied significantly with respect to the BMI and concerned students from Belarus. A significantly higher Pb level was found in the overweight participants from Belarus. Statistical analysis did not confirm statistically significant differences in the level of Pb content in the hair of the study participants living in France and Poland with regard to the BMI.</p> Conclusions <p>Higher Pb levels were found in the overweight students from Belarus. No statistically significant differences were confirmed in the level of Pb content in the hair of the participants with regard to the BMI in France and Poland.</p>

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BMI and lead content in the hair of students from Poland, Belarus, and France

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月21日

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  • Iwona Gładysz,
  • Jerzy Bertrandt,
  • Andrzej Szpakow,
  • Adam Szepeluk,
  • Zofia Karczewska,
  • Bartosz Kowalewski,
  • Piotr Lichograj,
  • Jan Karczewski

摘要

Aim

The aim of the study was to conduct an epidemiological analysis of lead (Pb) content in the hair of students from three countries: Poland, France, and Belarus in terms of body mass index (BMI) values.

Subject and methods

The study was conducted on a group of 121 students, including 39 (29 women, 10 men) from France, 50 (29 women, 21 men) from Poland, and 32 (21 women, 11 men) from Belarus in the age ranges of 18–25 (79 women, 42 men). The hair concentration of Pb was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), using a Hitachi TM-3000 apparatus equipped with an X-ray with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrometer for microanalysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the program STATISTICA v. 10.0 PL and Microsoft Office 2010. To select an appropriate test, the Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check whether the determined element was normally distributed. After finding statistically significant differences compared to the normal distribution and relatively high standard deviations and ranges, the Pb content was analyzed using nonparametric tests (the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis test with multiple comparisons—the Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test). The studies were conducted after obtaining the consent of the Bioethical Committee of the Medical University of Lublin No. KE-0254/62/2018.

Results

The Pb content in the hair of the students involved in the study varied significantly with respect to the BMI and concerned students from Belarus. A significantly higher Pb level was found in the overweight participants from Belarus. Statistical analysis did not confirm statistically significant differences in the level of Pb content in the hair of the study participants living in France and Poland with regard to the BMI.

Conclusions

Higher Pb levels were found in the overweight students from Belarus. No statistically significant differences were confirmed in the level of Pb content in the hair of the participants with regard to the BMI in France and Poland.