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<p>Being landlocked is a development disadvantage. Policy practice has focused on trade facilitation as the solution to this developmental problem. Yet, landlockedness can affect development in different ways; for instance, by contributing to weaker governance and institutions. However, after accounting for both trade integration and governance, landlockedness still has a residual negative effect on development. Against this background, the paper looks at the role of transit countries. The key finding, unsurprisingly, is that transit countries matter. What is more surprising is that their importance is not limited to how easily goods transit through the border. Transit countries’ socio-economic and political characteristics and their overall degree of economic integration with the rest of the world also matter. These spatial effects suggest broadening the policy approach above and beyond the administrative, legal, and logistic aspects of trade facilitation.</p>

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Beyond passage: how transit countries facilitate or hinder the development of their landlocked neighbours

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Fabrizio Carmignani

摘要

Being landlocked is a development disadvantage. Policy practice has focused on trade facilitation as the solution to this developmental problem. Yet, landlockedness can affect development in different ways; for instance, by contributing to weaker governance and institutions. However, after accounting for both trade integration and governance, landlockedness still has a residual negative effect on development. Against this background, the paper looks at the role of transit countries. The key finding, unsurprisingly, is that transit countries matter. What is more surprising is that their importance is not limited to how easily goods transit through the border. Transit countries’ socio-economic and political characteristics and their overall degree of economic integration with the rest of the world also matter. These spatial effects suggest broadening the policy approach above and beyond the administrative, legal, and logistic aspects of trade facilitation.