Examining the heterogeneous impact of FDI across income groups: do commodity intensity and institutional quality matter?
摘要
We investigate the role played by commodity intensity and the quality of the institutional environment in moderating the impact of FDI on growth across country income levels in 108 countries, stretching from developing and emerging market to advanced economies. We find that FDI benefits do not accrue evenly across country income groups. The effect is statistically significant for low- and middle-income countries. Additionally, we find that commodity intensity influences the impact of FDI on growth with higher intensity low- and middle-income countries benefiting more from FDI. Also, low-income countries with higher announced greenfield intensity tend to gain more from the positive effects of aggregate FDI. We also uncover that institutional factors have a moderating positive effect on FDI within country income groups, whereby countries with better-developed institutions relative to their income group peers benefit more from a positive impact of FDI on growth. FDI appears a beneficial element sustaining growth even more so when combined with a genuine reform agenda.