Geomorphometric Database of Volcanic Debris Avalanches on Java Island, Indonesia

Volcanic debris avalanches (VDAs) are destructive mass movements in volcanic environments, yet systematic geomorphometric information remains limited in many volcanic regions. In this study, we present a comprehensive database of VDA events on Java Island, Indonesia. We characterized each volcanic landslide scar (VLS) and volcanic debris avalanche deposit (VDAD) using a standardized geomorphometric approach proposed as a reference for the global VDA database. Each VLS was characterized using 15 parameters, whereas each VDAD was characterized using 14 parameters. In total, 36 VDA events from 27 volcanoes were analyzed, and their geomorphometric data were systematically compiled in.kmz format. The resulting database represents the first comprehensive geospatial database on VDA events in Indonesia. The list of VDA events and volcanoes in this study follows the previous studies. However, two additional volcanoes are presented. Identification of VLS and VDAD was conducted using a digital elevation model (DEM) with ~ 8 m resolution from DEMNAS Indonesia, supported by satellite imagery. This resolution is the best available across Indonesia. For future improvements, more detailed DEM data sources, such as from LiDAR, are highly recommended, as some VLSs are severely eroded. This database is expected to enhance the global VDA database and provide valuable information for both scientific and technical applications related to VDA phenomena. In addition, this database can support volcanic hazard risk assessments for Indonesian disaster authorities and also serve as a learning resource for the global community by providing fundamental information on the distribution, coverage, and other geomorphological characteristics of past VDA events.