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<p>The Jinping rock avalanche, which occurred on February 8, 2025 in Jinping village, Wumeng Mountains, southwest China, was a rare high-magnitude slope failure triggered during the local dry season. The avalanche involved a collapsed mass of 3.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> m<sup>3</sup>, descending a steep slope (42°) and exhibiting a boot-shaped planform with a total runout of 1,160&#xa0;m and a vertical drop of 450&#xa0;m. Field investigations, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) –based photogrammetry, and laboratory testing reveal that interbedded sandstone, mudstone, and coal seams created structurally weak zones, while anomalously high rainfall reduced rock strength, initiating failure. The avalanche underwent two major deflections, including notable climbing behavior, before dissipating in a gully. We conducted discrete element method (DEM) simulations to reconstruct the dynamic evolution of the event, indicating peak velocities up to 54&#xa0;m/s, two distinct acceleration-deceleration phases, and strong spatial heterogeneity of particle displacement. The results of this study provide quantitative insight into the roles of lithology, topography, and rainfall in avalanche dynamics and informs early warning strategies, hazard mitigation, and policy planning for subtropical mountainous regions.</p>

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Triggering mechanisms and dynamics of an off-season rainfall-induced rock avalanche in the Wumeng Mountains, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Guiping Xia,
  • Xiaoyi Fan,
  • Ying Zhou,
  • Anjiang He,
  • Jiaqin Chen,
  • Huan Liu,
  • M. F. Hassanein

摘要

The Jinping rock avalanche, which occurred on February 8, 2025 in Jinping village, Wumeng Mountains, southwest China, was a rare high-magnitude slope failure triggered during the local dry season. The avalanche involved a collapsed mass of 3.5 × 105 m3, descending a steep slope (42°) and exhibiting a boot-shaped planform with a total runout of 1,160 m and a vertical drop of 450 m. Field investigations, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) –based photogrammetry, and laboratory testing reveal that interbedded sandstone, mudstone, and coal seams created structurally weak zones, while anomalously high rainfall reduced rock strength, initiating failure. The avalanche underwent two major deflections, including notable climbing behavior, before dissipating in a gully. We conducted discrete element method (DEM) simulations to reconstruct the dynamic evolution of the event, indicating peak velocities up to 54 m/s, two distinct acceleration-deceleration phases, and strong spatial heterogeneity of particle displacement. The results of this study provide quantitative insight into the roles of lithology, topography, and rainfall in avalanche dynamics and informs early warning strategies, hazard mitigation, and policy planning for subtropical mountainous regions.