<p>As lunar exploration advances, geological hazards including landslides pose potential risks to lander deployment and human activities. However, influenced by low gravity and vacuum conditions, lunar landslides exhibit distinct and poorly understood dynamic behaviors compared to terrestrial counterparts, calling for systematic investigation. In this paper, the landslide dynamics on the Moon is comprehensively investigated. Initially, a discrete element model of lunar regolith is developed based on a contact model that incorporates both van der Waals forces and interparticle rotational resistance to reflect realistic particle interactions. Calibration of micro- and macro-scale parameters is subsequently conducted through triaxial compression tests, with shear strength used as the calibration criterion. Finally, a chute test under microgravity condition was carried out to investigate the dynamic mechanisms of lunar landslides, using terrestrial gravity as a control group. The obtained results highlight that (I) due to van der Waals forces, lunar landslides exhibit a distinct initial stage of coherent sliding, accompanied by pronounced tailing effect and scraping action during the sliding and deposition processes; (II) compared to terrestrial gravity condition, lunar landslides exhibit longer duration, lower velocity, and smaller impact forces, with ratios fluctuating around 2.45; and (III) the energy-derived equivalent acceleration framework proposed in this study can effectively capture the overall dynamic behavior of lunar landslides. Based on this framework, the landslide process can be divided into four distinct stages: coherent sliding stage, collapse stage, free-flow stage, and impact–accumulation stage.</p>