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<p>A wealth of evidence has indicated that rockfalls induced by earthquakes exhibit greater mobility than those caused by gravity. Field data consistently show that rockfall events often accompany slope shaking during movement. A comprehensive series of over 3,000 shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the influence of slope shaking on rockfall mobility. These tests considered various factors, such as ground motion characteristics (amplitude and frequency), rockfall properties (shapes and initial velocity), and slope conditions (straight and convex). The movement patterns and influencing factors of rockfalls under different conditions were systematically summarized by analyzing the results using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and trajectory analysis. Runout distance and lateral displacement were the main indicators used in the analysis. The test results demonstrated that ground motion plays a crucial role in determining the kinematic characteristics of rockfalls. Specifically, the amplitude of the seismic load exerts a significant influence on the kinematic behavior of rockfalls. Higher amplitudes resulted in greater mobility and significantly increased runout distance and lateral displacement compared to scenarios without a seismic load. The movement of rockfalls exhibits strong inherent randomness, and the distributions of the runout distance and lateral displacement approximately follow a Gaussian distribution. In addition, the shape of the rockfall was identified as another important factor affecting its kinematic characteristics. Rockfalls with more lateral edges exhibited greater runout distance and lateral displacement. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and hazard potential associated with seismic events by elucidating the complex relationship between slope shaking and rockfall mobility.</p>

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Rockfall movement and propagation during earthquakes: Insights from shaking table tests

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Yingbin Zhang,
  • Yao Xiao,
  • Xiaofu Huang,
  • Pengcheng Yu,
  • Dejian Li,
  • Qingdong Wang,
  • Dongliang Huang,
  • Xianqing Cheng

摘要

A wealth of evidence has indicated that rockfalls induced by earthquakes exhibit greater mobility than those caused by gravity. Field data consistently show that rockfall events often accompany slope shaking during movement. A comprehensive series of over 3,000 shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the influence of slope shaking on rockfall mobility. These tests considered various factors, such as ground motion characteristics (amplitude and frequency), rockfall properties (shapes and initial velocity), and slope conditions (straight and convex). The movement patterns and influencing factors of rockfalls under different conditions were systematically summarized by analyzing the results using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and trajectory analysis. Runout distance and lateral displacement were the main indicators used in the analysis. The test results demonstrated that ground motion plays a crucial role in determining the kinematic characteristics of rockfalls. Specifically, the amplitude of the seismic load exerts a significant influence on the kinematic behavior of rockfalls. Higher amplitudes resulted in greater mobility and significantly increased runout distance and lateral displacement compared to scenarios without a seismic load. The movement of rockfalls exhibits strong inherent randomness, and the distributions of the runout distance and lateral displacement approximately follow a Gaussian distribution. In addition, the shape of the rockfall was identified as another important factor affecting its kinematic characteristics. Rockfalls with more lateral edges exhibited greater runout distance and lateral displacement. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and hazard potential associated with seismic events by elucidating the complex relationship between slope shaking and rockfall mobility.