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<p>On August 12, 2015, a catastrophic rock landslide in Shanyang County (Northern Qinling, China) resulted in significant human casualties and infrastructure damage, burying 18 structures while claiming 65 lives with 14 injuries. This high-mobility event demonstrated exceptional kinematic complexity during its 590-m runout along a Y-shaped valley, ultimately depositing 1.68 × 10⁶ m<sup>3</sup> of material over a 5.0 × 10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>2</sup> area. Through integrated field investigations and Tsunami Squares numerical simulations, we reveal three distinct kinematic phases: 1) initial acceleration (6.16&#xa0;m/s initiation velocity) facilitated by the elevated position of the landslide source area, 2) energy-dissipating valley collisions inducing Z-path trajectory modifications of landslide motion, and 3) final low-velocity deposition with trumpet-shaped distribution into dual gullies (maximum thickness 55.2&#xa0;m). Key terrain controls emerge from our analysis: while the high-relief source area provided substantial gravitational potential energy of the landslide, the confined Y-shaped valley morphology exerted critical constraints on the mobility of the landslide mass through successive valley collisions. These interactions induced progressive fragmentation and fluidization of slide materials, paradoxically enabling extended runout despite velocity reduction. Numerical simulations demonstrate how oblique impacts against valley walls converted translational motion into rotational components, enhancing disaggregation while redirecting debris flow into secondary channels. This study establishes that terrain-controlled energy dissipation mechanisms—particularly sequential collision-induced fragmentation and channel confinement effects—can dominate landslide kinematics in complex topography. Our findings advance predictive capabilities for long-runout landslides by quantifying how geomorphic constraints modulate energy budgets.</p>

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Topographic controls on kinematic characteristics of the 2015 Shanyang catastrophic landslide: insights from field investigations and Tsunami Squares modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月20日

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  • Yanbo Zhu,
  • Yuxuan Zhang,
  • Steven N. Ward,
  • Yaowen Liu,
  • Lili Xiao,
  • Huitao Zheng,
  • Fasuo Zhao

摘要

On August 12, 2015, a catastrophic rock landslide in Shanyang County (Northern Qinling, China) resulted in significant human casualties and infrastructure damage, burying 18 structures while claiming 65 lives with 14 injuries. This high-mobility event demonstrated exceptional kinematic complexity during its 590-m runout along a Y-shaped valley, ultimately depositing 1.68 × 10⁶ m3 of material over a 5.0 × 104 m2 area. Through integrated field investigations and Tsunami Squares numerical simulations, we reveal three distinct kinematic phases: 1) initial acceleration (6.16 m/s initiation velocity) facilitated by the elevated position of the landslide source area, 2) energy-dissipating valley collisions inducing Z-path trajectory modifications of landslide motion, and 3) final low-velocity deposition with trumpet-shaped distribution into dual gullies (maximum thickness 55.2 m). Key terrain controls emerge from our analysis: while the high-relief source area provided substantial gravitational potential energy of the landslide, the confined Y-shaped valley morphology exerted critical constraints on the mobility of the landslide mass through successive valley collisions. These interactions induced progressive fragmentation and fluidization of slide materials, paradoxically enabling extended runout despite velocity reduction. Numerical simulations demonstrate how oblique impacts against valley walls converted translational motion into rotational components, enhancing disaggregation while redirecting debris flow into secondary channels. This study establishes that terrain-controlled energy dissipation mechanisms—particularly sequential collision-induced fragmentation and channel confinement effects—can dominate landslide kinematics in complex topography. Our findings advance predictive capabilities for long-runout landslides by quantifying how geomorphic constraints modulate energy budgets.