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<p>The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has some of the most complex geological structures, the most intense tectonic activity, and the most severe geological disasters in the world. Under the control of multidynamic and cross-scale coupling effects such as plate interaction, plateau uplifting, climate change, and human engineering activities, the mechanism of major slope failure disasters is complex. There have been multiple occurrences of giant landslides and subsequent formation of giant barrier lakes in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin in the eastern Himalayan tectonic zone. After barrier-lake outburst, a basin-wide disaster chain occurred, seriously endangering the hydropower projects along the river and the safety of human life and property. This research explores the disaster environments, sliding structures, and failure mechanisms of the Benduo mountain slope in the Yigong Zangbo basin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau via field surveys, high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys, adit explorations, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) monitoring. The results show that the Benduo mountain slope has a high-steep slope, good free-face conditions, a strong rock-mass unloading effect, and developed faults. Under the influence of faults, freeze–thaw cycles, earthquakes, and rock-mass unloading, multiple sets of discontinuous structural planes are developed in the shallow surfaces and deep rock mass. Owing to the structural planes, the rock mass exhibits various textures and clear zoning characteristics. Under these disaster environment conditions, the deformation and failure phenomena of the Benduo mountain slope are obvious. The slope is divided into three zones based on the shallow-surface deformation and failure phenomena. The most intense deformation areas are located at the rear edge and the leading edge of the Benduo mountain slope, and their maximum annual deformation rates are 85 and 80 mm/yr, respectively. Under the control of the structural planes, the deformation and failure modes of the Benduo mountain slope primarily include toppling, sliding–fracturing, and locking. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the deformation and failure mechanism of high-steep mountains and the risk prevention and control of basin disaster chains in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.</p>

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Geostructural characteristics and failure mechanism of the Benduo mountain slope in the Yigong Zangbo River, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月12日

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  • Yanfeng Zhang,
  • Yueping Yin,
  • Bin Li,
  • Yongbo Tie,
  • Changhu Li,
  • Yang Gao,
  • Meng Wang,
  • Luqi Wang

摘要

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has some of the most complex geological structures, the most intense tectonic activity, and the most severe geological disasters in the world. Under the control of multidynamic and cross-scale coupling effects such as plate interaction, plateau uplifting, climate change, and human engineering activities, the mechanism of major slope failure disasters is complex. There have been multiple occurrences of giant landslides and subsequent formation of giant barrier lakes in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin in the eastern Himalayan tectonic zone. After barrier-lake outburst, a basin-wide disaster chain occurred, seriously endangering the hydropower projects along the river and the safety of human life and property. This research explores the disaster environments, sliding structures, and failure mechanisms of the Benduo mountain slope in the Yigong Zangbo basin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau via field surveys, high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys, adit explorations, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) monitoring. The results show that the Benduo mountain slope has a high-steep slope, good free-face conditions, a strong rock-mass unloading effect, and developed faults. Under the influence of faults, freeze–thaw cycles, earthquakes, and rock-mass unloading, multiple sets of discontinuous structural planes are developed in the shallow surfaces and deep rock mass. Owing to the structural planes, the rock mass exhibits various textures and clear zoning characteristics. Under these disaster environment conditions, the deformation and failure phenomena of the Benduo mountain slope are obvious. The slope is divided into three zones based on the shallow-surface deformation and failure phenomena. The most intense deformation areas are located at the rear edge and the leading edge of the Benduo mountain slope, and their maximum annual deformation rates are 85 and 80 mm/yr, respectively. Under the control of the structural planes, the deformation and failure modes of the Benduo mountain slope primarily include toppling, sliding–fracturing, and locking. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the deformation and failure mechanism of high-steep mountains and the risk prevention and control of basin disaster chains in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.