Survival, causes of mortality and nesting success of wild hen pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in Norfolk, eastern England
摘要
The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is one of the most important gamebirds in Britain, mainland Europe and North America. Although most pheasants in Britain originate from released stock, wild populations still occur locally. We investigated survival, causes of mortality and nesting success in a managed wild pheasant population in Norfolk (eastern England) where no releases have been conducted. Between 2011, 2012 and 2013, 154 hen pheasants were captured in late winter and fitted with radio transmitters. Survival analyses showed no significant differences among years, and survival was not influenced by age or body condition (median survival = 129 days). However, survival patterns diverged from April onwards among years, likely reflecting variation in predation pressure and weather conditions. Predation was the main cause of mortality (42%), almost exclusively attributed to red fox (Vulpes vulpes), followed by kidney damage (19%), suspected to be associated with coronavirus infection, and parasitic infections (18%). Parasites were detected through weekly analysis of faecal samples, whereas throat swabs from captured birds and shot pheasants from neighbouring estates were negative for coronavirus. In 2013, 38 nests from tagged hens were monitored: 34% hatched successfully, 37% were abandoned and 18% were predated. Nest survival was significantly lower for clutches initiated later in the season (May–July) compared with those initiated earlier (March–April). These findings highlight the combined role of predation, disease and parasites in shaping survival of wild pheasant populations.