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<p>The red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), a large ungulate, significantly influences ecosystem dynamics, particularly through its foraging behavior, and is a key species in several important ecosystem services. This review aims to consolidate information on the provision of ecosystem services by this ungulate across various climates and different study conditions. Our literature review analyzed 86 published studies, focusing on a set of specific ecosystem services related to the role of red deer at the soil level, plant communities, tourism, and hunting. Of these, 60 studies primarily addressed seed dispersal and the effects of herbivory by red deer. Provisioning services were mentioned in 20 studies. Cultural services, on the other hand, seem highly disregarded in literature (six studies), highlighting a relevant research gap. 69% of the studies reported positive impacts of red deer in terms of delivering ecosystem services, such as seed dispersal. However, negative effects, such as negative effects on plant communities via reductions in plant diversity and abundance due to herbivory, were also documented. Besides providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies, we also highlight literature gaps, providing guidelines for future studies. Given the significant role of red deer in ecosystems, comprehensive studies on their role as ecosystem service providers not only deepen our understanding of ecological dynamics but also offer promising insights for informed conservation strategies and wildlife management approaches. Fostering effective conservation and management practices is essential to avoid biodiversity losses, preserving and promoting sustainable management of natural environments, ecosystem health, and consequently human well-being throughout ecosystem services provisioning.</p>

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The essential, but complex, role of red deer as an ecosystem service provider: a comprehensive review across Europe

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月23日

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  • Fernanda Garcia,
  • António Alves da Silva,
  • Helena Freitas,
  • José Paulo Sousa,
  • Joana Alves

摘要

The red deer (Cervus elaphus), a large ungulate, significantly influences ecosystem dynamics, particularly through its foraging behavior, and is a key species in several important ecosystem services. This review aims to consolidate information on the provision of ecosystem services by this ungulate across various climates and different study conditions. Our literature review analyzed 86 published studies, focusing on a set of specific ecosystem services related to the role of red deer at the soil level, plant communities, tourism, and hunting. Of these, 60 studies primarily addressed seed dispersal and the effects of herbivory by red deer. Provisioning services were mentioned in 20 studies. Cultural services, on the other hand, seem highly disregarded in literature (six studies), highlighting a relevant research gap. 69% of the studies reported positive impacts of red deer in terms of delivering ecosystem services, such as seed dispersal. However, negative effects, such as negative effects on plant communities via reductions in plant diversity and abundance due to herbivory, were also documented. Besides providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies, we also highlight literature gaps, providing guidelines for future studies. Given the significant role of red deer in ecosystems, comprehensive studies on their role as ecosystem service providers not only deepen our understanding of ecological dynamics but also offer promising insights for informed conservation strategies and wildlife management approaches. Fostering effective conservation and management practices is essential to avoid biodiversity losses, preserving and promoting sustainable management of natural environments, ecosystem health, and consequently human well-being throughout ecosystem services provisioning.