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<p>Excessive measures of lead (Pb) in agrarian soils have emerged as a&#xa0;potential ecological concern. Growth, quality, and yield of many economic crops have been severely affected. To combat Pb stress, the interactive impact of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) seed priming and foliar application of silicon (Si) was evaluated in fenugreek seedlings subjected to Pb (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mM) treatment. This study adopts a&#xa0;dual-mode application strategy (seed priming with 24-EBL and foliar spray of Si) to target both early germination and post-emergence stress responses. The results clearly demonstrated the antagonistic effect of Pb toxicity on morphological, biochemical, and histochemical traits of fenugreek, mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the highest level of Pb toxicity, i.e., 0.9 mM (Pb&#xa0;III), was observed to affect these parameters in fenugreek seedlings more severely than 0.5 mM (Pb&#xa0;I) and 0.7 mM (Pb&#xa0;II). Seed priming with 24-EBL combined with foliar Si spray, in individual and combined manners, significantly improved growth attributes in Pb-exposed fenugreek seedlings. Additionally, nuclear and membrane damage were diminished. Both phytoprotectants alleviated Pb-induced oxidative stress by reducing metal uptake, elevating compatible solute levels, and upregulating antioxidant defense systems. This experimental pursuit further substantiated that the cumulative treatment of 24-EBL with Si was significantly superior in abating Pb-induced toxic effects in fenugreek compared with their individual treatments.</p>

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Seed Priming with 24-Epibrassinolide and Foliar Silicon Application Synergistically Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Fenugreek Seedlings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Dhriti Sharma,
  • Savita Bhardwaj,
  • Dhriti Kapoor,
  • Ravi Kant,
  • Bharat Kapoor,
  • Neeta Raj Sharma,
  • Ali Raza

摘要

Excessive measures of lead (Pb) in agrarian soils have emerged as a potential ecological concern. Growth, quality, and yield of many economic crops have been severely affected. To combat Pb stress, the interactive impact of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) seed priming and foliar application of silicon (Si) was evaluated in fenugreek seedlings subjected to Pb (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mM) treatment. This study adopts a dual-mode application strategy (seed priming with 24-EBL and foliar spray of Si) to target both early germination and post-emergence stress responses. The results clearly demonstrated the antagonistic effect of Pb toxicity on morphological, biochemical, and histochemical traits of fenugreek, mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the highest level of Pb toxicity, i.e., 0.9 mM (Pb III), was observed to affect these parameters in fenugreek seedlings more severely than 0.5 mM (Pb I) and 0.7 mM (Pb II). Seed priming with 24-EBL combined with foliar Si spray, in individual and combined manners, significantly improved growth attributes in Pb-exposed fenugreek seedlings. Additionally, nuclear and membrane damage were diminished. Both phytoprotectants alleviated Pb-induced oxidative stress by reducing metal uptake, elevating compatible solute levels, and upregulating antioxidant defense systems. This experimental pursuit further substantiated that the cumulative treatment of 24-EBL with Si was significantly superior in abating Pb-induced toxic effects in fenugreek compared with their individual treatments.