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<p>Bakanae also known as “foolish seedling”, foot rot, flag leaf elongation, <i>Jhanda</i> disease is caused by the fungus, <i>Fusarium fujikuroi</i> (=&#xa0;<i>Gibberella fujikuroi</i>). The bakanae is a&#xa0;widespread and economically significant disease affecting rice cultivation, particularly in scented varieties in India, China, Pakistan, Japan, and other paddy growing countries. The disease manifests as abnormal elongation of flag leaves and stems during the vegetative stage. At maturity, the disease appears as foot rot at the root or collar region, and white ear head at the panicle stage. This leads to severe yield losses (up to 70%), depending on the rice variety and disease severity. The pathogen produces secondary metabolites, notably gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>) and fusaric acid, which play a&#xa0;significant role in symptom development and yield reduction. Recent shifts in climate, cropping patterns, and continuous rice monoculture have exacerbated the global prevalence of bakanae disease. Effective control remains challenging, as treatments are often ineffective once the infection is established. This review comprehensively examines the aetiology, genetic variability, and epidemiology of bakanae disease, and proposes economically viable and sustainable management strategies to mitigate its impact on rice production.</p>

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Bakanae: Challenges in Its Integrated and Sustainable Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Mujeebur Rahman Khan,
  • Mohd Shahid Anwar Ansari

摘要

Bakanae also known as “foolish seedling”, foot rot, flag leaf elongation, Jhanda disease is caused by the fungus, Fusarium fujikuroi (= Gibberella fujikuroi). The bakanae is a widespread and economically significant disease affecting rice cultivation, particularly in scented varieties in India, China, Pakistan, Japan, and other paddy growing countries. The disease manifests as abnormal elongation of flag leaves and stems during the vegetative stage. At maturity, the disease appears as foot rot at the root or collar region, and white ear head at the panicle stage. This leads to severe yield losses (up to 70%), depending on the rice variety and disease severity. The pathogen produces secondary metabolites, notably gibberellic acid (GA3) and fusaric acid, which play a significant role in symptom development and yield reduction. Recent shifts in climate, cropping patterns, and continuous rice monoculture have exacerbated the global prevalence of bakanae disease. Effective control remains challenging, as treatments are often ineffective once the infection is established. This review comprehensively examines the aetiology, genetic variability, and epidemiology of bakanae disease, and proposes economically viable and sustainable management strategies to mitigate its impact on rice production.