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<p>Abiotic and biotic stresses in crop plants are occurring at a&#xa0;rate never seen before due to the consequences of climate change, particularly the unpredictable swings in the environment. Abiotic (drought, salt, cold, heat etc.) and biotic (pests, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and insects) stresses is the adverse effect of any abiotic and biotic factor on a&#xa0;plant in a&#xa0;given environment, impacting plants’ growth and development. These stress factors, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, pests, fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes are often interrelated or in conjunction with each other. All abiotic stresses are based on ecological conditions due to any small change that can create a&#xa0;future challenge for us. Plants have developed complex systems to recognize external signals to adjust according to fluctuating environmental factors for their survival in stressful environments. Plants respond to abiotic stresses by producing various metabolites, morphological and biochemical changes and by expression of certain stress related genes. Morphological and biochemical changes encompass shifts in shoot and root length, leaf count, and the accumulation of secondary metabolites like glycine betaine, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and abscisic acid within plants. Additionally, alterations in the source-to-sink ratio are observed. Physiological shifts, such as reductions in relative water content, water potential and leaf osmotic potential, along with nutritional imbalances, increased relative stress damage, or a&#xa0;combination thereof, may occur. This review presents a&#xa0;holistic synthesis of how multiple abiotic and biotic stresses interact and affect crop physiology, morphology, and biochemistry under climate change. It emphasizes integrated plant responses involving stress-related metabolites, gene expression, and physiological shifts. The study highlights the importance of developing climate-resilient strategies by showcasing how minor ecological changes can lead to major crop stress.</p>

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Plants Response to Different Abiotic Stresses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月19日

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  • Sami Jan,
  • M. Ashraf Bhat,
  • Akshay Kumar,
  • M. Altaf Wani,
  • Farooq Ahmad Bhat,
  • Raihana H. Kanth,
  • A. B. Shikari,
  • Haleema Bano,
  • Tabasum Manzoor,
  • Heena Altaf,
  • Noor-ul-Ain,
  • Zafir Ahmad Naik

摘要

Abiotic and biotic stresses in crop plants are occurring at a rate never seen before due to the consequences of climate change, particularly the unpredictable swings in the environment. Abiotic (drought, salt, cold, heat etc.) and biotic (pests, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and insects) stresses is the adverse effect of any abiotic and biotic factor on a plant in a given environment, impacting plants’ growth and development. These stress factors, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, pests, fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes are often interrelated or in conjunction with each other. All abiotic stresses are based on ecological conditions due to any small change that can create a future challenge for us. Plants have developed complex systems to recognize external signals to adjust according to fluctuating environmental factors for their survival in stressful environments. Plants respond to abiotic stresses by producing various metabolites, morphological and biochemical changes and by expression of certain stress related genes. Morphological and biochemical changes encompass shifts in shoot and root length, leaf count, and the accumulation of secondary metabolites like glycine betaine, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and abscisic acid within plants. Additionally, alterations in the source-to-sink ratio are observed. Physiological shifts, such as reductions in relative water content, water potential and leaf osmotic potential, along with nutritional imbalances, increased relative stress damage, or a combination thereof, may occur. This review presents a holistic synthesis of how multiple abiotic and biotic stresses interact and affect crop physiology, morphology, and biochemistry under climate change. It emphasizes integrated plant responses involving stress-related metabolites, gene expression, and physiological shifts. The study highlights the importance of developing climate-resilient strategies by showcasing how minor ecological changes can lead to major crop stress.