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<p>Temperature stress is an uncontrollable environmental constraint that significantly impairs plant growth, development, and productivity. In response, plants undergo dynamic changes in gene expression, cellular metabolism, and physiological functions. Abiotic stressors such as extreme temperatures, salinity, drought, heavy metals, and nutrient imbalances detrimentally affect plant performance. To survive such adverse conditions, plants activate adaptive metabolic pathways that facilitate resilience and acclimation. Among these stressors, temperature plays a&#xa0;pivotal role in influencing plant survival and overall yield potential. This review critically explores the role of exogenously applied phytohormones and plant growth regulators in mitigating temperature stress and enhancing crop performance. Classical phytohormones auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene along with other growth regulators such as brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, peptide hormones, and polyamines, mediate complex stress-responsive signaling pathways. These compounds regulate vital physiological processes including chlorophyll synthesis, pH regulation, root hair development, ionic balance, and membrane stability. Despite increasing evidence of their protective roles, the precise molecular mechanisms by which these regulators alleviate stress-induced toxicity remain inadequately understood. This review highlights recent advancements in the exogenous application of phytohormones and plant growth regulators under temperature stress and underscores their potential for developing climate-resilient and stress-tolerant crop systems.</p>

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Comprehensive Review On the Role of Exogenous Phytohormones in Enhancing Temperature Stress Tolerance in Plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Sajid Ali Shah,
  • Mohd Arshad,
  • Saima Aslam

摘要

Temperature stress is an uncontrollable environmental constraint that significantly impairs plant growth, development, and productivity. In response, plants undergo dynamic changes in gene expression, cellular metabolism, and physiological functions. Abiotic stressors such as extreme temperatures, salinity, drought, heavy metals, and nutrient imbalances detrimentally affect plant performance. To survive such adverse conditions, plants activate adaptive metabolic pathways that facilitate resilience and acclimation. Among these stressors, temperature plays a pivotal role in influencing plant survival and overall yield potential. This review critically explores the role of exogenously applied phytohormones and plant growth regulators in mitigating temperature stress and enhancing crop performance. Classical phytohormones auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene along with other growth regulators such as brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, peptide hormones, and polyamines, mediate complex stress-responsive signaling pathways. These compounds regulate vital physiological processes including chlorophyll synthesis, pH regulation, root hair development, ionic balance, and membrane stability. Despite increasing evidence of their protective roles, the precise molecular mechanisms by which these regulators alleviate stress-induced toxicity remain inadequately understood. This review highlights recent advancements in the exogenous application of phytohormones and plant growth regulators under temperature stress and underscores their potential for developing climate-resilient and stress-tolerant crop systems.