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<p>Cry (crystal) proteins from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) have been pivotal in integrated pest management (IPM) for lepidopteran insects. Genetically engineered <i>Bt</i> crops with <i>cry</i> genes are grown in 27&#xa0;countries, significantly reducing pest infestations and chemical insecticide use. However, improper cultivation practices, such as repeated use of the same <i>Bt</i> crops over large areas, have led to insect adaptation to Cry proteins, raising global concern for crop protection.</p><p>To combat this, plants expressing multiple Cry proteins, including fusion proteins like Cry1Ab/Ac, have been developed and extensively studied in crops such as rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>), jute (<i>Corchorus capsularis</i>), chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>), and jatropha (<i>Jatropha Curcas</i>). Comprehensive biosafety analyses have confirmed the safety of Cry1Ab/Ac for non-target insects, beneficial insects, soil microbes, water quality, and the environment. Food safety analyses have also validated its safety for human consumption.</p><p>In 2009, China approved Cry1Ab/Ac rice lines Huahui‑1 and <i>Bt</i>-Shanyou-63 for cultivation, and in 2018, the United States approved <i>Bt</i>-Shanyou-63 rice for human consumption. The large-scale adoption of Cry1Ab/Ac crops promises to reduce chemical pesticide use and increase farm profitability.</p><p>This review highlights the advancements and applications of Cry1Ab/Ac fusion proteins in crop protection from 1998 to 2024, with a&#xa0;special focus on <i>Bt </i>(Cry1Ab/Ac) rice, emphasizing their potential to address key challenges in modern agriculture, ensuring food security, and promoting environmental sustainability.</p>

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25 Years of Pesticidal Cry1Ab/Ac Fusion Proteins in Crop Protection: Advances in Bt Crop Development, Target Pest Management, Safety, Environmental Impact, and Regulatory Frameworks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月7日

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  • Shuvobrata Majumder,
  • Karabi Datta,
  • Swapan K. Datta

摘要

Cry (crystal) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been pivotal in integrated pest management (IPM) for lepidopteran insects. Genetically engineered Bt crops with cry genes are grown in 27 countries, significantly reducing pest infestations and chemical insecticide use. However, improper cultivation practices, such as repeated use of the same Bt crops over large areas, have led to insect adaptation to Cry proteins, raising global concern for crop protection.

To combat this, plants expressing multiple Cry proteins, including fusion proteins like Cry1Ab/Ac, have been developed and extensively studied in crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), jute (Corchorus capsularis), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and jatropha (Jatropha Curcas). Comprehensive biosafety analyses have confirmed the safety of Cry1Ab/Ac for non-target insects, beneficial insects, soil microbes, water quality, and the environment. Food safety analyses have also validated its safety for human consumption.

In 2009, China approved Cry1Ab/Ac rice lines Huahui‑1 and Bt-Shanyou-63 for cultivation, and in 2018, the United States approved Bt-Shanyou-63 rice for human consumption. The large-scale adoption of Cry1Ab/Ac crops promises to reduce chemical pesticide use and increase farm profitability.

This review highlights the advancements and applications of Cry1Ab/Ac fusion proteins in crop protection from 1998 to 2024, with a special focus on Bt (Cry1Ab/Ac) rice, emphasizing their potential to address key challenges in modern agriculture, ensuring food security, and promoting environmental sustainability.