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<p>Climate change alters temperature and precipitation patterns, significantly impacting forest ecosystems and tree species. This research study investigates the effects of altitude and provenance on the early development and physiological responses of <i>Abies bornmuelleriana</i> (Turkish fir) seedlings under different irrigation regimes. Seedlings from two provenances (Karabük and Adapazarı, Türkiye) and two altitudes (high and low) were subjected to three irrigation treatments [well-watered (3.75&#xa0;cm/week), moderate drought (1.25&#xa0;cm/week) and severe drought (0.00&#xa0;cm/week)] over three growing seasons. Besides morphological traits [RHG (relative height growth) and RCD (root collar diameter)], some physiological features, such as Ψ (stem water potential), gas exchange parameters [<i>Anet</i> (net assimilation rate), <i>E</i> (transpiration rate), <i>gs</i> (stomatal conductance), <i>WUEi</i> (intrinsic water use efficiency), <i>Fv/Fm</i> (chlorophyll fluorescence), and Δ<sup>13</sup>C (carbon isotope discrimination) were assessed. Seedlings from a high-altitude source exhibited significantly greater RHG and RCD than those from low-altitudes. Irrigation significantly influenced Ψ, with well-watered seedlings maintaining higher Ψ values. Gas exchange parameters, including <i>Anet</i>, <i>gs</i>, and <i>E</i>, were significantly higher in well-watered trees, particularly in high-altitude Karabük-Türkiye seedlings. <i>WUEi</i> was significantly affected by altitude, as trees from higher-altitude provenances had higher <i>WUEi</i>. Severe drought stress reduced <i>Fv/Fm</i> values, indicating physiological strain. Overall, <i>A. bornmuelleriana</i> seedlings from higher altitude provenances demonstrated superior growth and physiological resilience under water stress, suggesting an adaptive advantage in changing climatic conditions. These findings provide insights into selecting resilient provenances for afforestation and conservation efforts in Türkiye’s climate-vulnerable regions.</p>

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Growth and physiological characteristics of Abies bornmuelleriana seedlings from diverse provenances and altitudes under varying water availability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • İsmail Koç,
  • Pascal Nzokou,
  • Bert Cregg

摘要

Climate change alters temperature and precipitation patterns, significantly impacting forest ecosystems and tree species. This research study investigates the effects of altitude and provenance on the early development and physiological responses of Abies bornmuelleriana (Turkish fir) seedlings under different irrigation regimes. Seedlings from two provenances (Karabük and Adapazarı, Türkiye) and two altitudes (high and low) were subjected to three irrigation treatments [well-watered (3.75 cm/week), moderate drought (1.25 cm/week) and severe drought (0.00 cm/week)] over three growing seasons. Besides morphological traits [RHG (relative height growth) and RCD (root collar diameter)], some physiological features, such as Ψ (stem water potential), gas exchange parameters [Anet (net assimilation rate), E (transpiration rate), gs (stomatal conductance), WUEi (intrinsic water use efficiency), Fv/Fm (chlorophyll fluorescence), and Δ13C (carbon isotope discrimination) were assessed. Seedlings from a high-altitude source exhibited significantly greater RHG and RCD than those from low-altitudes. Irrigation significantly influenced Ψ, with well-watered seedlings maintaining higher Ψ values. Gas exchange parameters, including Anet, gs, and E, were significantly higher in well-watered trees, particularly in high-altitude Karabük-Türkiye seedlings. WUEi was significantly affected by altitude, as trees from higher-altitude provenances had higher WUEi. Severe drought stress reduced Fv/Fm values, indicating physiological strain. Overall, A. bornmuelleriana seedlings from higher altitude provenances demonstrated superior growth and physiological resilience under water stress, suggesting an adaptive advantage in changing climatic conditions. These findings provide insights into selecting resilient provenances for afforestation and conservation efforts in Türkiye’s climate-vulnerable regions.