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<p>Fungal pathogens cause 20–40% annual losses in fruit and vegetable crops, creating urgent demand for sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides. This study reports the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using <i>Fortunella margarita</i> (kumquat) leaf extract and evaluates their in vitro antifungal efficacy against seven plant pathogenic fungi: <i>Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium</i> species, <i>Ceratocystis fimbriata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Macrophomina phaseolina</i>, and <i>Alternaria alternata</i>. Au NP formation was confirmed by a&#xa0;colour change from pale yellow to violet-purple; UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a&#xa0;surface plasmon resonance peak at 543.5 nm. X‑ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the face-centred cubic (fcc) crystalline structure with Bragg reflections at 38°, 44°, 64°, and 77° (JCPDS 04-0784). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical morphology (44–76 nm). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed phytochemical capping, and a&#xa0;zeta potential of −24 mV indicated adequate colloidal stability. In antifungal bioassays (poison food technique, disk diffusion, and dual culture method), Au NPs achieved up to 100% mycelial inhibition at 100 ppm, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.2–18.5 μg/mL, significantly outperforming <i>F.&#xa0;margarita</i> leaf extract (86% inhibition; MIC 20.0–24.0 μg/mL) and <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. biocontrol extracts. Two-way ANOVA confirmed highly significant effects of treatment and concentration (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) with large effect sizes (partial η<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.14) across all species. These findings position&#xa0;<i>F. margarita</i>-derived Au NPs as a&#xa0;promising eco-friendly nano-fungicide for postharvest disease management in fruit crops.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Green-Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles from Fortunella Margarita (Kumquat) Leaf Extract for Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Control of Postharvest Fruit Crop Pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Bismillah Mubeen,
  • Ammarah Hasnain,
  • Haider Ali,
  • Muhammad Nadeem Khan,
  • Maymoona Saher,
  • Muhammad Umer Iqbal,
  • Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi

摘要

Fungal pathogens cause 20–40% annual losses in fruit and vegetable crops, creating urgent demand for sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides. This study reports the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Fortunella margarita (kumquat) leaf extract and evaluates their in vitro antifungal efficacy against seven plant pathogenic fungi: Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium species, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Alternaria alternata. Au NP formation was confirmed by a colour change from pale yellow to violet-purple; UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 543.5 nm. X‑ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the face-centred cubic (fcc) crystalline structure with Bragg reflections at 38°, 44°, 64°, and 77° (JCPDS 04-0784). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical morphology (44–76 nm). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed phytochemical capping, and a zeta potential of −24 mV indicated adequate colloidal stability. In antifungal bioassays (poison food technique, disk diffusion, and dual culture method), Au NPs achieved up to 100% mycelial inhibition at 100 ppm, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.2–18.5 μg/mL, significantly outperforming F. margarita leaf extract (86% inhibition; MIC 20.0–24.0 μg/mL) and Trichoderma spp. biocontrol extracts. Two-way ANOVA confirmed highly significant effects of treatment and concentration (p < 0.0001) with large effect sizes (partial η2 > 0.14) across all species. These findings position F. margarita-derived Au NPs as a promising eco-friendly nano-fungicide for postharvest disease management in fruit crops.

Graphic abstract