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<p>Alternaria leaf spot, caused by <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, is a&#xa0;significant concern in apple cultivation, leading to substantial yield losses and quality degradation. This study aimed to isolate and accurately identify the pathogen responsible for this disease and to formulate an effective spray schedule of evaluated fungicides. The pathogen was isolated from infected apple leaves and confirmed as <i>A.&#xa0;alternata</i> through morphological and molecular means using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. A&#xa0;total of 11&#xa0;fungicides, including propineb, ziram, captan, copper oxychloride, hexaconazole, myclobutanil, and several combination products, were tested in vitro to assess their inhibitory effects on fungal growth. The results indicated that hexaconazole and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin were the most effective, completely inhibiting fungal growth at all tested concentrations. Other fungicides, such as hexaconazole + carbendazim and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin, also showed significant inhibition, but to a&#xa0;lesser extent. Based on these in vitro findings, selected fungicides were further evaluated under field conditions to develop a&#xa0;spray schedule for successful disease management. The five fungicides that performed best under in vitro conditions were used in field trials to test various spray programs, including combination treatments of hexaconazole, ziram, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, and hexaconazole + carbendazim. The treatments significantly reduced disease severity compared to untreated controls, with the highest efficacy observed in the early application schedules. Among the field treatments, the combination of ziram, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, hexaconazole + carbendazim, and hexaconazole (Treatment&#xa0;2) was most effective, demonstrating the highest disease inhibition. The results indicate that timely application of these fungicides is crucial for optimal disease control. This comprehensive evaluation of pathogen identification and fungicide efficacy provides valuable insights for developing targeted and effective strategies to mitigate Alternaria leaf spot, ultimately supporting more sustainable apple production practices.</p>

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Molecular Identification and Development of a Chemical Management Module for Alternaria Leaf Blotch of Apple (Malus domestica) Caused by Alternaria alternata in the Northwestern Himalayan Region of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月6日

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  • Sajad Un Nabi,
  • Madhu Gandrajapally Shivareddy,
  • Shugufta Parveen,
  • Ronit Jaiswal,
  • M. Abas Shah,
  • Wasim H. Raja,
  • Zakir Amin,
  • Tabasum Manzoor,
  • Bushra Rasool,
  • Om Chand Sharma

摘要

Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria alternata, is a significant concern in apple cultivation, leading to substantial yield losses and quality degradation. This study aimed to isolate and accurately identify the pathogen responsible for this disease and to formulate an effective spray schedule of evaluated fungicides. The pathogen was isolated from infected apple leaves and confirmed as A. alternata through morphological and molecular means using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. A total of 11 fungicides, including propineb, ziram, captan, copper oxychloride, hexaconazole, myclobutanil, and several combination products, were tested in vitro to assess their inhibitory effects on fungal growth. The results indicated that hexaconazole and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin were the most effective, completely inhibiting fungal growth at all tested concentrations. Other fungicides, such as hexaconazole + carbendazim and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin, also showed significant inhibition, but to a lesser extent. Based on these in vitro findings, selected fungicides were further evaluated under field conditions to develop a spray schedule for successful disease management. The five fungicides that performed best under in vitro conditions were used in field trials to test various spray programs, including combination treatments of hexaconazole, ziram, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, and hexaconazole + carbendazim. The treatments significantly reduced disease severity compared to untreated controls, with the highest efficacy observed in the early application schedules. Among the field treatments, the combination of ziram, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, hexaconazole + carbendazim, and hexaconazole (Treatment 2) was most effective, demonstrating the highest disease inhibition. The results indicate that timely application of these fungicides is crucial for optimal disease control. This comprehensive evaluation of pathogen identification and fungicide efficacy provides valuable insights for developing targeted and effective strategies to mitigate Alternaria leaf spot, ultimately supporting more sustainable apple production practices.