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<p>The quantity and value of almond production and trade have steadily increased due to the growing demand for almonds across various sectors. Therefore, analysis of the global almond trade and assessment of Türkiye’s competitiveness are of vital importance. This study analyzed almond competitiveness in international trade and assessed the comparative advantage of Türkiye using export market share (EMS) and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices. In 2023, global almond production reached 3.5&#xa0;million tons, cultivated across 2.3&#xa0;million hectares, with an average yield of 1513.3 kg/ha. The top almond-producing countries were the United States, Spain, Australia, Türkiye, and Morocco, accounting for 50.84%, 8.45%, 7.38%, 4.82%, and 4.14% of global production, respectively. Global almond export volume—including both unshelled and shelled almonds—was valued at approximately 6.5&#xa0;billion US dollars in 2023. Among top producers, the United States and Australia led in exporting unshelled almonds, while the United States, Spain, and Australia ranked highest in shelled almond exports. Türkiye was among the top five exporters of shelled almonds. Competitiveness analysis revealed that the United States held the strongest comparative advantage, with EMS and RCA values of 65.52% and 7.62, respectively, maintaining this advantage over the past two decades. Türkiye’s EMS values ranged from 0.16% to 2.42%, averaging 1.19%, indicating a&#xa0;growing comparative advantage despite sectoral competition. The RCA trend for Spain and Morocco showed a&#xa0;decline, whereas for Australia the trend increased. Türkiye demonstrated an upward trend in RCA and has maintained a&#xa0;comparative advantage in the almond market since 2008 except for a&#xa0;few years. These findings suggest that government support for almond producers could further enhance Türkiye’s comparative advantage in global almond markets. The policies should take not only production and productivity but also quality, branding, market diversification, and research and development into consideration.</p>

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Evaluation of International Almond Trade: How Competitive Is Türkiye in Global Almond Markets?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Nevra Alhas-Eroğlu

摘要

The quantity and value of almond production and trade have steadily increased due to the growing demand for almonds across various sectors. Therefore, analysis of the global almond trade and assessment of Türkiye’s competitiveness are of vital importance. This study analyzed almond competitiveness in international trade and assessed the comparative advantage of Türkiye using export market share (EMS) and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices. In 2023, global almond production reached 3.5 million tons, cultivated across 2.3 million hectares, with an average yield of 1513.3 kg/ha. The top almond-producing countries were the United States, Spain, Australia, Türkiye, and Morocco, accounting for 50.84%, 8.45%, 7.38%, 4.82%, and 4.14% of global production, respectively. Global almond export volume—including both unshelled and shelled almonds—was valued at approximately 6.5 billion US dollars in 2023. Among top producers, the United States and Australia led in exporting unshelled almonds, while the United States, Spain, and Australia ranked highest in shelled almond exports. Türkiye was among the top five exporters of shelled almonds. Competitiveness analysis revealed that the United States held the strongest comparative advantage, with EMS and RCA values of 65.52% and 7.62, respectively, maintaining this advantage over the past two decades. Türkiye’s EMS values ranged from 0.16% to 2.42%, averaging 1.19%, indicating a growing comparative advantage despite sectoral competition. The RCA trend for Spain and Morocco showed a decline, whereas for Australia the trend increased. Türkiye demonstrated an upward trend in RCA and has maintained a comparative advantage in the almond market since 2008 except for a few years. These findings suggest that government support for almond producers could further enhance Türkiye’s comparative advantage in global almond markets. The policies should take not only production and productivity but also quality, branding, market diversification, and research and development into consideration.