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<p>Non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&amp;E) is gaining prominence in food quality assurance, where reliable detection of hidden spoilage and subsurface bruising is crucial for safety, shelf life, and marketability. Infrared thermography (IRT), a&#xa0;whole-field, non-contact NDT technique, is particularly effective for identifying sub-surface defects in biological materials. In fruits, microbial spoilage often initiates internally, making visual inspection insufficient. To address this challenge, the present study investigates frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) as an excitation scheme for detecting hidden regions of rot. Unlike conventional pulsed or lock-in thermography, FMTWI leverages pulse compression principles to achieve improved depth resolution. Post-processing approaches, including frequency domain phase (FDP), time domain phase (TDP), and cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) analysis, are implemented. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that TDP offers enhanced spatial clarity for localized regions of rot, whereas CCC consistently achieves superior spoilage detectability due to its matched filtering characteristics. The integration of FMTWI with CCC enables robust separation of healthy and spoiled regions. The proposed approach enables a&#xa0;rapid, safe, and high-fidelity tool for fruit inspection and automated sorting of healthy fruit. The improvement is further validated using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a&#xa0;key performance indicator, offering a&#xa0;clear quantitative measure of the reliability in detecting defects.</p>

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Subsurface Bruise Detection in Fruits Using Active Infrared Imaging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月28日

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  • Shruti Bharadwaj,
  • Vanita Arora,
  • Ravibabu Mulaveesala

摘要

Non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is gaining prominence in food quality assurance, where reliable detection of hidden spoilage and subsurface bruising is crucial for safety, shelf life, and marketability. Infrared thermography (IRT), a whole-field, non-contact NDT technique, is particularly effective for identifying sub-surface defects in biological materials. In fruits, microbial spoilage often initiates internally, making visual inspection insufficient. To address this challenge, the present study investigates frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) as an excitation scheme for detecting hidden regions of rot. Unlike conventional pulsed or lock-in thermography, FMTWI leverages pulse compression principles to achieve improved depth resolution. Post-processing approaches, including frequency domain phase (FDP), time domain phase (TDP), and cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) analysis, are implemented. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that TDP offers enhanced spatial clarity for localized regions of rot, whereas CCC consistently achieves superior spoilage detectability due to its matched filtering characteristics. The integration of FMTWI with CCC enables robust separation of healthy and spoiled regions. The proposed approach enables a rapid, safe, and high-fidelity tool for fruit inspection and automated sorting of healthy fruit. The improvement is further validated using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a key performance indicator, offering a clear quantitative measure of the reliability in detecting defects.