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<p>Meeting the chilling requirement is critical for pistachio production, a&#xa0;challenge that is exacerbated by climate change. This study aimed to identify low-chill cultivars with superior yield and quality traits for cultivation in warming regions of Iran. We evaluated 38&#xa0;female pistachio cultivars from three major growing regions in Kerman Province (Rafsanjan, Kerman, and Orzuiyeh) over a&#xa0;4-year period (2020–2023). Low-chill cultivars were defined as those initiating bud swelling and flowering significantly earlier than others, indicating a&#xa0;lower heat-unit requirement to break dormancy. Cluster analysis based on phenological traits classified the cultivars into four distinct groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that Group&#xa0;1 and Group&#xa0;2 initiated bud swelling (4.1–5.0&#xa0;days), flowering onset (8.9–10.0&#xa0;days), and full flowering (13.70–15.33&#xa0;days) significantly earlier (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) than later-blooming groups, identifying them as low-chill-requirement cultivars. A&#xa0;separate cluster analysis on yield traits grouped cultivars into three clusters. Group&#xa0;1 from this analysis demonstrated statistically superior performance, with the highest percentage of split nuts (73.11%), the lowest percentage of blank nuts (11.76%), and the highest fresh yield (6.98 kg/tree) and dry yield (1.99 kg/tree). Cross-referencing these analyses identified five elite cultivars that combine low-chill requirements with high yield and quality: ‘Amir Naserieh,’ ‘Shasti Rafsanjan,’ ‘Karim Abadi Naserieh,’ ‘Mahmoud Abadi Orzuiyeh,’ and ‘Italian Rafsanjan.’ These cultivars are recommended as climate-resilient candidates for commercial cultivation in temperate and semi-arid regions experiencing insufficient winter chill accumulation.</p>

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Selection of Low-Chill Pistachio Cultivars for Adaptation to Climate Change in Temperate and Semi-Arid Regions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Hamid Alipour,
  • Hojjat Hasheminasab,
  • Azam Ranjbar

摘要

Meeting the chilling requirement is critical for pistachio production, a challenge that is exacerbated by climate change. This study aimed to identify low-chill cultivars with superior yield and quality traits for cultivation in warming regions of Iran. We evaluated 38 female pistachio cultivars from three major growing regions in Kerman Province (Rafsanjan, Kerman, and Orzuiyeh) over a 4-year period (2020–2023). Low-chill cultivars were defined as those initiating bud swelling and flowering significantly earlier than others, indicating a lower heat-unit requirement to break dormancy. Cluster analysis based on phenological traits classified the cultivars into four distinct groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that Group 1 and Group 2 initiated bud swelling (4.1–5.0 days), flowering onset (8.9–10.0 days), and full flowering (13.70–15.33 days) significantly earlier (p < 0.05) than later-blooming groups, identifying them as low-chill-requirement cultivars. A separate cluster analysis on yield traits grouped cultivars into three clusters. Group 1 from this analysis demonstrated statistically superior performance, with the highest percentage of split nuts (73.11%), the lowest percentage of blank nuts (11.76%), and the highest fresh yield (6.98 kg/tree) and dry yield (1.99 kg/tree). Cross-referencing these analyses identified five elite cultivars that combine low-chill requirements with high yield and quality: ‘Amir Naserieh,’ ‘Shasti Rafsanjan,’ ‘Karim Abadi Naserieh,’ ‘Mahmoud Abadi Orzuiyeh,’ and ‘Italian Rafsanjan.’ These cultivars are recommended as climate-resilient candidates for commercial cultivation in temperate and semi-arid regions experiencing insufficient winter chill accumulation.