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<p>Rust is the corky tissue on the surface of a&#xa0;fruit, and the mechanism of corkification in apple peels is unclear. In this study, the epidermis of three apple accessions, 28-19, 6‑55E, and 13-26W, and three apple varieties, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Orin’, and ‘Miyazaki spur’, grown in Changli County, China, were investigated via anatomical observation and microscopic observation. Through whole-genome resequencing, combined with metabolic pathway and key enzyme-encoding gene information involved in cork layer formation, genes related to the formation of completely rusted apples were screened and analyzed. The results showed that the young fruits of 6‑55E and 28-19 exhibited rust covering the fruit (more than 50%) shortly after the fruitlets were set. These fruits can be classified as a&#xa0;full-rust apple group; however, most apple varieties are semirusty apple groups that account for 10~30% of the fruit surface area. And it was found that the between one and three layers of epidermal cells in the fully rusted fruit were uniformly corked. The type of fruit rust with less rust often centers around the skin pores or wounds, forming a&#xa0;sheet-like retrogression. The lower cells also exhibited varying degrees of corkification, and the stratum corneum cracked later. By comparing and analyzing 46&#xa0;differentially expressed genes related to cornification between the fully rusted and less rusted types, further gene annotation analysis revealed that the occurrence of fully rusted apple fruit rust is closely related to variations in the <i>CER </i>and <i>CYP86 </i>genes, which may be the main cause of corkification in fully rusted apple fruit rust. This study aims to explore the formation process of cork layer and the regulatory mechanism of fruit rust occurrence, further explore the key genes of apple fruit rust, and provide a&#xa0;theoretical basis for the scientific prevention and control of apple skin rust. It is of great significance for the genetic breeding of rust-resistant varieties and the innovation of germplasm resources of rust-free varieties.</p>

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Analysis of the Corkification Characteristics and Resequencing Variation of Fully Rusted Apple Peels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月20日

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  • Xin Liu,
  • Xinsheng Zhang,
  • Linguang Jia,
  • Chaohong Zhang

摘要

Rust is the corky tissue on the surface of a fruit, and the mechanism of corkification in apple peels is unclear. In this study, the epidermis of three apple accessions, 28-19, 6‑55E, and 13-26W, and three apple varieties, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Orin’, and ‘Miyazaki spur’, grown in Changli County, China, were investigated via anatomical observation and microscopic observation. Through whole-genome resequencing, combined with metabolic pathway and key enzyme-encoding gene information involved in cork layer formation, genes related to the formation of completely rusted apples were screened and analyzed. The results showed that the young fruits of 6‑55E and 28-19 exhibited rust covering the fruit (more than 50%) shortly after the fruitlets were set. These fruits can be classified as a full-rust apple group; however, most apple varieties are semirusty apple groups that account for 10~30% of the fruit surface area. And it was found that the between one and three layers of epidermal cells in the fully rusted fruit were uniformly corked. The type of fruit rust with less rust often centers around the skin pores or wounds, forming a sheet-like retrogression. The lower cells also exhibited varying degrees of corkification, and the stratum corneum cracked later. By comparing and analyzing 46 differentially expressed genes related to cornification between the fully rusted and less rusted types, further gene annotation analysis revealed that the occurrence of fully rusted apple fruit rust is closely related to variations in the CER and CYP86 genes, which may be the main cause of corkification in fully rusted apple fruit rust. This study aims to explore the formation process of cork layer and the regulatory mechanism of fruit rust occurrence, further explore the key genes of apple fruit rust, and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific prevention and control of apple skin rust. It is of great significance for the genetic breeding of rust-resistant varieties and the innovation of germplasm resources of rust-free varieties.