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<p>Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, along with the antioxidant activity of <i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>&#xa0;L. (date palm), for various nutritional and medical applications. These compounds have notable impacts on human health such as antibacterial effects, reduced cancer risk, and protection of the skin from UV radiation. Herein, the presence of these compounds is evaluated for three varieties of date tree, including ‘Asilo’, ‘Dalaki’ and ‘Kabkab’. To do so, the extracts of spath and male flower for the varieties were prepared using two typical extraction solvents of water and water-alcohol through varying extraction methods of maceration, infusion and ohmic. Subsequently, the proportions of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and antioxidant properties in the extracts were determined separately and compared with each other. Based on the obtained results, water-alcohol extraction solvent causes better performance in terms of extract yield and the production of valuable compounds compared to pure water. The ohmic extraction method is recognized for its high efficiency, achieving optimal yields of nutrient compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants while minimizing energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions. Its effective energy use leads to lower greenhouse gas emissions, significantly reducing its environmental footprint compared to conventional extraction techniques. This makes ohmic extraction a&#xa0;sustainable and eco-friendly choice for industrial applications. It is also observed that, regardless of the type of extraction solvent and method, ‘Kabkab’ has higher nutrient ingredients than other varieties. In addition, its extract generates phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity values equal to 2077.77 mg<sub>gallic acid</sub>.g<sup>−1</sup><sub>extract</sub>, 254.11 mg<sub>quercetin</sub>.g<sup>−1</sup><sub>extract</sub> and 1.9 μg.mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, at the best operational conditions (i.e., water–alcohol solvent, ohmic method, male flower part and 0.01 wt.%). Finally, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that caffeic acid and formic acid were the principal components of the prepared extracts.</p>

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A Comparative Study of Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Compounds for Spath and Male Flower of Phoenix dactylifera L.: Extraction Method and Solvent Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月21日

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  • Khadijeh Asadi,
  • Roja Safaeian,
  • Sedigheh Babaei,
  • Mehrdad Niakousari

摘要

Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, along with the antioxidant activity of Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm), for various nutritional and medical applications. These compounds have notable impacts on human health such as antibacterial effects, reduced cancer risk, and protection of the skin from UV radiation. Herein, the presence of these compounds is evaluated for three varieties of date tree, including ‘Asilo’, ‘Dalaki’ and ‘Kabkab’. To do so, the extracts of spath and male flower for the varieties were prepared using two typical extraction solvents of water and water-alcohol through varying extraction methods of maceration, infusion and ohmic. Subsequently, the proportions of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and antioxidant properties in the extracts were determined separately and compared with each other. Based on the obtained results, water-alcohol extraction solvent causes better performance in terms of extract yield and the production of valuable compounds compared to pure water. The ohmic extraction method is recognized for its high efficiency, achieving optimal yields of nutrient compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants while minimizing energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Its effective energy use leads to lower greenhouse gas emissions, significantly reducing its environmental footprint compared to conventional extraction techniques. This makes ohmic extraction a sustainable and eco-friendly choice for industrial applications. It is also observed that, regardless of the type of extraction solvent and method, ‘Kabkab’ has higher nutrient ingredients than other varieties. In addition, its extract generates phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity values equal to 2077.77 mggallic acid.g−1extract, 254.11 mgquercetin.g−1extract and 1.9 μg.mL−1, respectively, at the best operational conditions (i.e., water–alcohol solvent, ohmic method, male flower part and 0.01 wt.%). Finally, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that caffeic acid and formic acid were the principal components of the prepared extracts.