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<p>The olive fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera oleae</i> (Rossi), is a key pest of the olive tree worldwide. This study explores whether the endophytes <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i>, <i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i>, <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i>, and <i>Penicillium commune</i> can trigger the emission of repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in olive trees, targeting <i>B. oleae</i>. Accordingly, olive trees were inoculated with each endophyte or with buffer (control), and after 3&#xa0;months, both fruits and leaves were collected to perform olfactometer assays and to evaluate VOCs by HS-SPME and GC–MS. <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i>, <i>A. pullulans</i>, and <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> were found to significantly repel <i>B. oleae</i> females, with each treatment inducing a distinct VOC profile. <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i> and <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> were characterized by higher levels of alkenes, including o-cymene and d-limonene, while <i>P. commune</i> and <i>A. pullulans</i> induced the emission of alkanes. Six VOCs were found to be negatively correlated with fly entries in the olfactometer assays, with beta-myrcene being the most prominent, followed by d-limonene, o-cymene, and 5-octadecene (E). These repellent VOCs were positively correlated with each other, indicating that their combined emission may produce synergistic effects, potentially enhancing their repellency. In contrast, 1, 4-hexadiene, 5-methyl-3-(1-methyl ethylidene) was identified as an attractant, showing a strong positive correlation with fly entries, and appeared to be produced through different biosynthetic pathways than the repellent VOCs. Overall, this work identifies three endophytes and a combination of repellent VOCs as promising new strategies for sustainable management of the olive fruit fly.</p>

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Endophytes induce volatile emission in olive trees with repellent activity against Bactrocera oleae

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Ana E. Cunha,
  • Nuno Rodrigues,
  • Pedro Casquero,
  • José A. Pereira,
  • Paula Baptista

摘要

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is a key pest of the olive tree worldwide. This study explores whether the endophytes Alcaligenes faecalis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Penicillium commune can trigger the emission of repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in olive trees, targeting B. oleae. Accordingly, olive trees were inoculated with each endophyte or with buffer (control), and after 3 months, both fruits and leaves were collected to perform olfactometer assays and to evaluate VOCs by HS-SPME and GC–MS. Alcaligenes faecalis, A. pullulans, and B. amyloliquefaciens were found to significantly repel B. oleae females, with each treatment inducing a distinct VOC profile. Alcaligenes faecalis and B. amyloliquefaciens were characterized by higher levels of alkenes, including o-cymene and d-limonene, while P. commune and A. pullulans induced the emission of alkanes. Six VOCs were found to be negatively correlated with fly entries in the olfactometer assays, with beta-myrcene being the most prominent, followed by d-limonene, o-cymene, and 5-octadecene (E). These repellent VOCs were positively correlated with each other, indicating that their combined emission may produce synergistic effects, potentially enhancing their repellency. In contrast, 1, 4-hexadiene, 5-methyl-3-(1-methyl ethylidene) was identified as an attractant, showing a strong positive correlation with fly entries, and appeared to be produced through different biosynthetic pathways than the repellent VOCs. Overall, this work identifies three endophytes and a combination of repellent VOCs as promising new strategies for sustainable management of the olive fruit fly.