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<p>Phonology is essential in visual word recognition, yet its exact role remains debated. This is partly because the paradigms used in the literature were typically the priming paradigm and its variations, with tasks requiring participants to fully process the test items. Given these two limitations, the observed effects in the literature may be confounded by the specific paradigm and/or task employed. Accordingly, the current study extends previous findings using a different paradigm and task. Specifically, the flanker paradigm, in which the target character was presented simultaneously with two distractor characters for a brief period (50 ms), was utilized. Participants were asked to judge the visual structure (left-right structure versus top-down structure) of the target character. With these two modifications, we found that the judgment was facilitated when the target and distractors were phonologically similar (compared to phonologically dissimilar trials, experiment 1), while no facilitation was observed when the items were semantically similar (compared to semantically dissimilar trials, experiment 2). These data suggest rapid phonological activation, including from parafoveal input, but delayed semantic engagement in Mandarin Chinese under 50-ms flanker displays.</p>

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Orthographic processing was facilitated by phonologically but not semantically similar distractors: evidence from the visual structure judgment of Mandarin Chinese characters using the Flanker paradigm

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Xingyu Yang,
  • Likan Zhan

摘要

Phonology is essential in visual word recognition, yet its exact role remains debated. This is partly because the paradigms used in the literature were typically the priming paradigm and its variations, with tasks requiring participants to fully process the test items. Given these two limitations, the observed effects in the literature may be confounded by the specific paradigm and/or task employed. Accordingly, the current study extends previous findings using a different paradigm and task. Specifically, the flanker paradigm, in which the target character was presented simultaneously with two distractor characters for a brief period (50 ms), was utilized. Participants were asked to judge the visual structure (left-right structure versus top-down structure) of the target character. With these two modifications, we found that the judgment was facilitated when the target and distractors were phonologically similar (compared to phonologically dissimilar trials, experiment 1), while no facilitation was observed when the items were semantically similar (compared to semantically dissimilar trials, experiment 2). These data suggest rapid phonological activation, including from parafoveal input, but delayed semantic engagement in Mandarin Chinese under 50-ms flanker displays.