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<p>This study establishes a comprehensive bottom-up research framework to predict the impact resistance and energy absorption of hat-shaped beams reinforced with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)-assembled microfibers. Multiscale material parameters were evaluated and characterized from both experimental and numerical perspectives, ranging from continuous microfibers to the mesoscale composite lamina. The effects of needle diameters on the morphology and mechanical behavior of microfibers fabricated via wet spinning technology were systematically tested; a needle with a smaller inner diameter of 0.25&#xa0;mm was able to produce a circular microfiber with substantially higher stiffness and strength. A novel resin composite reinforced with CNFs-assembled microfibers at different volume fractions was then prepared for the first time and characterized. The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the composite with 20% fiber volume fraction reached 4.19 GPa and 101.92&#xa0;MPa, respectively, representing improvements of 235.2 and 56.12% over pure epoxy resin. More importantly, the microstructural effect on the structural performance of hat-shaped beams, commonly used as automotive protection structures, was systematically investigated. A bottom-up multiscale elastic–plastic homogenization and structural analysis was conducted based on finite element-based micromechanics theory to investigate the composites’ impact resistance and energy absorption performance. Using a validated representative volume elements (RVE) model, the transversely isotropic elastic constants and the damage parameters associated with the Hashin failure criteria of the lamina were also predicted. Compared to directly‑dispersed CNF-reinforced polymers, composites reinforced with CNFs-assembled microfibers demonstrated better impact resistance and higher energy absorption.</p>

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Bottom-up Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of CNFs-Assembled-Microfiber-Reinforced Hat-Shaped Beams

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Wenqiong Tu,
  • Han Zhang,
  • Shuaijun Wang,
  • Qiaoyun Deng,
  • Yao Zhang,
  • Qianqian Wang,
  • Guannan Wang

摘要

This study establishes a comprehensive bottom-up research framework to predict the impact resistance and energy absorption of hat-shaped beams reinforced with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)-assembled microfibers. Multiscale material parameters were evaluated and characterized from both experimental and numerical perspectives, ranging from continuous microfibers to the mesoscale composite lamina. The effects of needle diameters on the morphology and mechanical behavior of microfibers fabricated via wet spinning technology were systematically tested; a needle with a smaller inner diameter of 0.25 mm was able to produce a circular microfiber with substantially higher stiffness and strength. A novel resin composite reinforced with CNFs-assembled microfibers at different volume fractions was then prepared for the first time and characterized. The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the composite with 20% fiber volume fraction reached 4.19 GPa and 101.92 MPa, respectively, representing improvements of 235.2 and 56.12% over pure epoxy resin. More importantly, the microstructural effect on the structural performance of hat-shaped beams, commonly used as automotive protection structures, was systematically investigated. A bottom-up multiscale elastic–plastic homogenization and structural analysis was conducted based on finite element-based micromechanics theory to investigate the composites’ impact resistance and energy absorption performance. Using a validated representative volume elements (RVE) model, the transversely isotropic elastic constants and the damage parameters associated with the Hashin failure criteria of the lamina were also predicted. Compared to directly‑dispersed CNF-reinforced polymers, composites reinforced with CNFs-assembled microfibers demonstrated better impact resistance and higher energy absorption.