Insight into the Retention Behaviours of Proton Pump Inhibitor Drugs Using Homemade ZIC-HILIC Columns with Greenness, Whiteness, and Blueness Evaluation
摘要
In the current investigation, the chromatographic behavior of two homemade ZIC-HILIC stationary phases with different spacer chains between the ionic site groups, the ZIC-1 and ZIC-4, under aqueous mobile phase conditions is presented. As test compounds, two proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were chosen. The effect of different spacer lengths on the retention behaviors of esomeprazole and lansoprazole was examined. The development process included investigating the impacts of chromatographic parameters, such as the ratio of organic modifier to aqueous buffer, pH values, the ionic strength of the acetate buffer, and experimental evaluation of the principal retention mechanism. The chromatographic separation was conducted using two zwitterionic columns measuring (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm particle size). The mobile phase consisted of a combination of acetonitrile and acetate buffer at a pH of 4.75 and ionic strength of 40 mM, in a ratio of 80:20 (v/v). The elution was performed using a constant flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. Detection was performed using a UV detector at a wavelength of 285 nm. The findings showed that increasing the spacer chain length causes an increase in the retention time for both analytes. The technique indicates excellent linearity, low detection limits, and high precision, and it was successfully applied to the determination of two analytes in pharmaceutical preparations with recovery values of 98–101%. Five of the most well-known metrics for evaluating the greenness of chemical methods were examined. Amongst these, AES, AGREE, NAMI, BAGI, and GAPI emerged as reliable tools for the assessment of greenness.