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<p><i>Cannabis</i> revenue has risen in the United States (US) from $16.5B in 2018 to $45.4B in 2025, which can be attributed to the legalization of hemp in 2018 with the passage of the <i>Agricultural Improvement Act</i> of 2018 (2018 Farm Bill) and the surge of <i>Cannabis</i>-derived finished products. Hemp was defined as any <i>Cannabis sativa</i> plant having a Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC) mass fraction of ≤ 0.3% on a dry weight basis. The legalization of finished products with higher THC levels has continued to increase. As of April 2025, medical marijuana is legal in 41 states, and recreational marijuana is legal in 24 states (and the District of Columbia). After the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, there was a significant increase in hemp grown in the US, resulting in the supply outweighing the user demand. As a result, scientists developed a process for the synthesis of Δ<sup>8</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC), Δ<sup>10</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>10</sup>-THC), and other cannabinoids from hemp extracts containing high amounts of cannabidiol (CBD). Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC and Δ<sup>10</sup>-THC are popular synthetic cannabinoids in <i>Cannabis</i>-derived finished products because they exhibit similar psychoactive effects to Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC. However, these synthetic processes usually produce a combination of isomeric cannabinoids. One of the more common forms of these finished products is called <i>Cannabis</i> concentrates, which include but are not limited to oils, vapes, waxes, distillates, and isolates.</p><p>The Chemical Sciences Division (CSD) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) previously developed an analytical method for the determination of CBD, Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC, and other cannabinoids in one form of concentrates, oils, by liquid chromatography (LC) with a photodiode array (PDA) detector for ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. Hemp oils are diluted with methanol and shaken for 15&#xa0;min using routine laboratory equipment. This manuscript expands the LC-PDA method to include Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC-based and CBD-based concentrates to re-evaluate its performance for an expanded range of <i>Cannabis</i> samples. The results presented here highlight that other cannabinoids are often detected in these samples, leading to chromatographic issues for the accurate measurement of Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC. NIST CSD collaborated with Kaycha Labs in 2024 to better understand the concentrates currently available in the <i>Cannabis</i> industry and provide an in-depth study of 23,000 concentrate samples to understand the prevalence of these types of samples.</p>

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An In-Depth Study Evaluating the Determination of CBD, Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, and 25 Additional Cannabinoids in Cannabis Concentrates by Liquid Chromatography with Absorbance Detection

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Walter B. Wilson,
  • Arianna Romares,
  • Stephen Goldman

摘要

Cannabis revenue has risen in the United States (US) from $16.5B in 2018 to $45.4B in 2025, which can be attributed to the legalization of hemp in 2018 with the passage of the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 Farm Bill) and the surge of Cannabis-derived finished products. Hemp was defined as any Cannabis sativa plant having a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) mass fraction of ≤ 0.3% on a dry weight basis. The legalization of finished products with higher THC levels has continued to increase. As of April 2025, medical marijuana is legal in 41 states, and recreational marijuana is legal in 24 states (and the District of Columbia). After the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, there was a significant increase in hemp grown in the US, resulting in the supply outweighing the user demand. As a result, scientists developed a process for the synthesis of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ10-THC), and other cannabinoids from hemp extracts containing high amounts of cannabidiol (CBD). Δ8-THC and Δ10-THC are popular synthetic cannabinoids in Cannabis-derived finished products because they exhibit similar psychoactive effects to Δ9-THC. However, these synthetic processes usually produce a combination of isomeric cannabinoids. One of the more common forms of these finished products is called Cannabis concentrates, which include but are not limited to oils, vapes, waxes, distillates, and isolates.

The Chemical Sciences Division (CSD) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) previously developed an analytical method for the determination of CBD, Δ9-THC, and other cannabinoids in one form of concentrates, oils, by liquid chromatography (LC) with a photodiode array (PDA) detector for ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. Hemp oils are diluted with methanol and shaken for 15 min using routine laboratory equipment. This manuscript expands the LC-PDA method to include Δ8-THC-based and CBD-based concentrates to re-evaluate its performance for an expanded range of Cannabis samples. The results presented here highlight that other cannabinoids are often detected in these samples, leading to chromatographic issues for the accurate measurement of Δ9-THC. NIST CSD collaborated with Kaycha Labs in 2024 to better understand the concentrates currently available in the Cannabis industry and provide an in-depth study of 23,000 concentrate samples to understand the prevalence of these types of samples.