<p>Interactions derived from social hierarchies are linked to the release of glucocorticoids, and the levels of this hormone may vary depending on the species’ reproductive strategy. In non-cooperative breeding species, dominant individuals have lower corticosterone levels compared to subordinates. The Andean Condor (<i>Vultur gryphus</i>) is the largest avian scavenger in South America and presents a social hierarchy system: males dominating over females and adults over immatures. Despite the large number of studies on the biology and ecology of the Andean Condor, the levels of corticosterone in the different age classes have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we compared corticosterone levels in shed feathers (Cort<sub>Feather</sub>) of the Andean Condor by age classes (adult, subadult, and juvenile) over 4&#xa0;years (2016–2019), covering two independent molting periods fitting a linear model (age classes*molting period). Because Andean Condor does not breed cooperatively, we expected lower levels of Cort<sub>Feather</sub> in dominant adults compared to subordinates (subadults and juveniles). Contrary to our expectations, we observed a significant interaction between age classes and molting periods: adults in molting period 1 presented higher Cort<sub>Feather</sub> levels than adults in molting period 2 and to subadults in molting period 2. The significant interaction we observed between age class and molting period suggests that the relationship between hormones and behavior in social species is not simple; both the social and abiotic environments influence. Since the hormone–behavior relationship is interdependent, studying it requires a solid understanding of the ecological and social context surrounding the subject. Thus, further research on hormone levels in relation to social systems—both with and without cooperative reproduction—is necessary.</p>

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Variation in corticosterone levels in Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) feathers regarding age classes and molting periods

  • Melanie Duclos-Katunaric,
  • Ursula K. Beattie,
  • L. Michael Romero,
  • Verónica Quirici

摘要

Interactions derived from social hierarchies are linked to the release of glucocorticoids, and the levels of this hormone may vary depending on the species’ reproductive strategy. In non-cooperative breeding species, dominant individuals have lower corticosterone levels compared to subordinates. The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is the largest avian scavenger in South America and presents a social hierarchy system: males dominating over females and adults over immatures. Despite the large number of studies on the biology and ecology of the Andean Condor, the levels of corticosterone in the different age classes have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we compared corticosterone levels in shed feathers (CortFeather) of the Andean Condor by age classes (adult, subadult, and juvenile) over 4 years (2016–2019), covering two independent molting periods fitting a linear model (age classes*molting period). Because Andean Condor does not breed cooperatively, we expected lower levels of CortFeather in dominant adults compared to subordinates (subadults and juveniles). Contrary to our expectations, we observed a significant interaction between age classes and molting periods: adults in molting period 1 presented higher CortFeather levels than adults in molting period 2 and to subadults in molting period 2. The significant interaction we observed between age class and molting period suggests that the relationship between hormones and behavior in social species is not simple; both the social and abiotic environments influence. Since the hormone–behavior relationship is interdependent, studying it requires a solid understanding of the ecological and social context surrounding the subject. Thus, further research on hormone levels in relation to social systems—both with and without cooperative reproduction—is necessary.