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Objective <p>Spinal cord MRI is heavily affected by static and dynamic B<sub>0</sub> field variations. The aim of this study was to develop an anthropomorphic cervical spine phantom that replicates these.</p> Materials and Methods <p>The phantom consisted of a 3D-printed head-to-thorax shell containing 3D-printed vertebrae (C1–T1) in a water-based liquid solution. An external respiration system mimicked breathing-induced field fluctuations by moving metal staples over the phantom. The accuracy of the reproduced fields was evaluated at 7&#xa0;T by field maps and multi-echo GREs acquired in the phantom and in four subjects.</p> Results <p>Fourier-based field simulations confirmed the vertebrae to be the main contributors to the local static field in the spinal canal, providing a rationale for the phantom design. The 3D-printed vertebrae accurately reproduced the spatial field pattern encountered in vivo, but with one-third of the intensity due to lower susceptibility differences. The respiration system produced spatially and temporally similar dynamic field fluctuations as in vivo.</p> Discussion <p>The phantom was designed to be low-cost, modular and reproducible, while also being non-toxic and free from biological hazards. It may serve as a useful tool for development and testing of correction strategies to address the persistent challenge of B<sub>0</sub> field variations in spinal cord MRI.</p>

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Towards an anthropomorphic MRI phantom mimicking static and dynamic B0 field variations in the human cervical spinal cord

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Laura Beghini,
  • Brunnhilde M. A.-S. Ponsi,
  • Kamilla Refsholt,
  • Annelen Dogger Schmidt,
  • Virginie Callot,
  • S. Johanna Vannesjo

摘要

Objective

Spinal cord MRI is heavily affected by static and dynamic B0 field variations. The aim of this study was to develop an anthropomorphic cervical spine phantom that replicates these.

Materials and Methods

The phantom consisted of a 3D-printed head-to-thorax shell containing 3D-printed vertebrae (C1–T1) in a water-based liquid solution. An external respiration system mimicked breathing-induced field fluctuations by moving metal staples over the phantom. The accuracy of the reproduced fields was evaluated at 7 T by field maps and multi-echo GREs acquired in the phantom and in four subjects.

Results

Fourier-based field simulations confirmed the vertebrae to be the main contributors to the local static field in the spinal canal, providing a rationale for the phantom design. The 3D-printed vertebrae accurately reproduced the spatial field pattern encountered in vivo, but with one-third of the intensity due to lower susceptibility differences. The respiration system produced spatially and temporally similar dynamic field fluctuations as in vivo.

Discussion

The phantom was designed to be low-cost, modular and reproducible, while also being non-toxic and free from biological hazards. It may serve as a useful tool for development and testing of correction strategies to address the persistent challenge of B0 field variations in spinal cord MRI.