Remediation of tetracycline pollution using microplastics, green materials, membranes and sonocatalysts: a review

Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics used as human and veterinary ailments, anticancer and antiviral agents, and for treating inflammations including arthritis and the Huntington’s disease. However, their inappropriate usage and disposal induce environmental pollution due to their persistency, hydrophilicity and limited volatility, requiring advanced remediation methods. Here, we review techniques for tetracycline removal, including adsorption, advanced oxidation and filtration. Materials to treat tetracycline pollution include aged microplastics, green materials, chemical compounds, sonocatalysts and membranes. Complete tetracycline removal is achieved by using membranes, sonocatalysis and composites. Green composites appear eco-friendly for wastewater treatment. Chemically-synthesized composites are mainly used in photocatalysis, oxidative and enzymatic degradation.