Transport of layered and spherical microplastics in aqueous ecosystems: a review

Microplastics are micrometre-sized emerging pollutants produced by plastic fragmentation. They have been recently detected in most ecosystems, even in remote areas. Here, we review microplastics with emphasis on sources, occurrence, transport, detection methods, policies, toxicity, and management methods. In the transport section, we discuss sorption kinetics, layered microplastics, and influencing factors such as biofilm formation. Microplastic management can be done by adsorption, filtration, oxidation, and biodegradation. Microplastic interaction is influenced by temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved organic matter.