Transportation costs and financial development in the Asia–Pacific: A CS-ARDL approach to macroeconomic interdependencies
摘要
This paper examines the transportation cost cogency and financial development among the selected countries in the Asia–Pacific continent — including Bangladesh, India, China, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand over the span of years 1990–2022. To solve the problem of possible non-homogeneity in regard to the slope of the coefficient and consider the Cross Section dependence test, the long-run dynamics were estimated through the CS-ARDL (Cross Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model. Additional estimation methods, such as FMOLS (Fully Modified Least Squares) and DOLS (Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares), were analyzed to check the robustness of the obtained results of CS-ARDL in support of their validity. The findings indicated the consistent and positive linkage among the cost of transport and financial growth. In addition to that, Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Capital Formation also affected the development of finance positively, but we also found unfavorable effects of trade openness, inflation, and real interest rates. These results demonstrate the importance of having a complete transport infrastructure, such as road, rail, air, and maritime infrastructure, in enhancing the improvement of the fiscal division or financial markets and establishing the effectiveness of Trade. The research also indicates that the concept of the PPP (Public Private Partnership) can assist in maintaining the investments in the infrastructure and reducing fiscal accountability. The enhancement of regional integration and market access was also identified to stimulate the development forces of capital investment and foreign inflows, which then ultimately led to the financial advancement in the Asia–Pacific region.
Graphical Abstract