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<p>Real-Time Global Ionospheric Maps (RT-GIMs) deliver minute level Total Electron Content (TEC) updates for ionospheric delay correction in high-precision Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications. Temporal resolution is a key parameter for capturing nonlinear TEC dynamics. Previous studies have generally assumed that higher temporal resolutions are always beneficial and do not recognize potential modeling errors and noise introduced by ultra-high temporal resolution. A systematic assessment of how temporal resolution affects RT-GIM performance remains lacking. Using GNSS observational data from 2021 to 2024, differential Slant Total Electron Content (dSTEC) assessment was employed to evaluate RT-GIM products from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), and Wuhan University (WHU) at different temporal resolutions. Long-term results indicate that, relative to the native resolution, 20-min downsampling reduced Root Mean Square (RMS) error of the CAS product by 0.32 TECU in North America. In contrast, UPC and WHU showed only slight improvements, whereas CNES remained insensitive to temporal resolution changes. A representative case study further showed that the native CAS RT-GIM product was affected by modeling instability. At BOGI station, the positioning RMS decreased from 5.121&#xa0;m for CRTG to 3.200&#xa0;m for CR20, while the 95th percentile of dSTEC error reached 6.79 TECU during 14:00–16:00 UTC on Day of Year 171, 2023. The appropriate temporal resolution for RT-GIMs should be determined through extensive experimental evaluation in a manner consistent with the adopted data processing strategy and modeling framework.</p>

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The influence of native temporal resolution on the performance of real-time global ionospheric maps

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Hengyu Wang,
  • Qi Liu,
  • Manuel Hernández-Pajares,
  • Enric Monte-Moreno,
  • Heng Yang,
  • Li Yang,
  • Chuanding Zhang,
  • Germán Olivares-Pulido,
  • Kualong Xu

摘要

Real-Time Global Ionospheric Maps (RT-GIMs) deliver minute level Total Electron Content (TEC) updates for ionospheric delay correction in high-precision Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications. Temporal resolution is a key parameter for capturing nonlinear TEC dynamics. Previous studies have generally assumed that higher temporal resolutions are always beneficial and do not recognize potential modeling errors and noise introduced by ultra-high temporal resolution. A systematic assessment of how temporal resolution affects RT-GIM performance remains lacking. Using GNSS observational data from 2021 to 2024, differential Slant Total Electron Content (dSTEC) assessment was employed to evaluate RT-GIM products from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), and Wuhan University (WHU) at different temporal resolutions. Long-term results indicate that, relative to the native resolution, 20-min downsampling reduced Root Mean Square (RMS) error of the CAS product by 0.32 TECU in North America. In contrast, UPC and WHU showed only slight improvements, whereas CNES remained insensitive to temporal resolution changes. A representative case study further showed that the native CAS RT-GIM product was affected by modeling instability. At BOGI station, the positioning RMS decreased from 5.121 m for CRTG to 3.200 m for CR20, while the 95th percentile of dSTEC error reached 6.79 TECU during 14:00–16:00 UTC on Day of Year 171, 2023. The appropriate temporal resolution for RT-GIMs should be determined through extensive experimental evaluation in a manner consistent with the adopted data processing strategy and modeling framework.