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<p>Precise atmospheric corrections significantly impact Precise Point Positioning Real-Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) performance, with accurate modeling of Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) being particularly critical for positioning accuracy. However, ZWD modeling remains challenging in mountainous regions characterized by significant elevation variations. To address this issue, this study proposes an elevation-normalized PPP-RTK method that incorporates a three-dimensional grid-based Elevation Correction Model (ECM) derived from fifth-generation global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) data. The ECM generates Elevation Normalization Factor (ENF) values to quantify the ZWD vertical variation, which are disseminated to users to enhance PPP-RTK performance. The proposed method is validated using three European mountain networks with elevation differences of 614.4–1334.2&#xa0;m, 601.6–745.6&#xa0;m, and 134.1–534.1&#xa0;m, respectively. Compared to the traditional PPP-RTK model using the Modified Linear Combination Method (MLCM), the ECM improves ZWD correction accuracy by 71.6%, 62.5%, and 50.0% across the three networks. For positioning performance, the ECM achieves accuracies of (2.2, 2.5, 6.1) cm in the east-north-up components at Network A and (2.1, 2.4, 5.7) cm at Network B, corresponding to improvements of 16.7–22.8% and 11.1–24.7%, respectively. Even in extreme weather at Network C, the PPP-RTK with ECM still achieves horizontal and vertical accuracies of 3.1&#xa0;cm and 5.4&#xa0;cm, representing improvements of 42.6% and 40.0% compared to the MLCM solution, respectively.</p>

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Enhanced PPP-RTK in mountainous regions using a 3D grid-based elevation normalization model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Xingxing Li,
  • Nana Wang,
  • Xin Li,
  • Jiande Huang,
  • Yuxin Zheng,
  • Junjie Han

摘要

Precise atmospheric corrections significantly impact Precise Point Positioning Real-Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) performance, with accurate modeling of Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) being particularly critical for positioning accuracy. However, ZWD modeling remains challenging in mountainous regions characterized by significant elevation variations. To address this issue, this study proposes an elevation-normalized PPP-RTK method that incorporates a three-dimensional grid-based Elevation Correction Model (ECM) derived from fifth-generation global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) data. The ECM generates Elevation Normalization Factor (ENF) values to quantify the ZWD vertical variation, which are disseminated to users to enhance PPP-RTK performance. The proposed method is validated using three European mountain networks with elevation differences of 614.4–1334.2 m, 601.6–745.6 m, and 134.1–534.1 m, respectively. Compared to the traditional PPP-RTK model using the Modified Linear Combination Method (MLCM), the ECM improves ZWD correction accuracy by 71.6%, 62.5%, and 50.0% across the three networks. For positioning performance, the ECM achieves accuracies of (2.2, 2.5, 6.1) cm in the east-north-up components at Network A and (2.1, 2.4, 5.7) cm at Network B, corresponding to improvements of 16.7–22.8% and 11.1–24.7%, respectively. Even in extreme weather at Network C, the PPP-RTK with ECM still achieves horizontal and vertical accuracies of 3.1 cm and 5.4 cm, representing improvements of 42.6% and 40.0% compared to the MLCM solution, respectively.