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<p>Precise point positioning real-time kinematic (PPP-RTK) is regionally instantaneous ambiguity-resolution enabled precise point positioning (PPP) with the aid of precise atmospheric corrections. However, obtaining precise ionospheric corrections becomes challenging especially under ionospheric disturbance, potentially degrading the solution even with augmentation. To address this issue, this paper aims to propose a satellite-specific ionospheric residual integrity monitoring (IRIM) index, which is broadcasted along with a grid-based slant ionospheric map to describe the uncertainty of ionospheric corrections. The uncertainty corresponds to the 95% quantile of modeling residuals of reference stations. Besides, three strategies in the user end are utilized to reduce the dependence on external ionospheric information: selective ionospheric correction usage (Strategy S), variance adjustment regarding the IRIM index (Strategy I), and prediction of ionospheric corrections (Strategy P). To validate the performance of the proposed method, both static and kinematic positioning tests are carried out. In static mode, employing all three strategies makes the positioning resilience of PPP-RTK comparable to PPP-AR. Compared to the original PPP-RTK, horizontal and vertical positioning accuracies improve by 86.9% and 78.7%, respectively. As for the kinematic test conducted in challenging environments, the proposed strategies lead to the best positioning results. Notably, the percentage of horizontal errors below 0.2&#xa0;m increased significantly from 68.7% to 84.6% when compared to the conventional PPP-RTK. Similarly, the improvement ranges from 53.2% to 79.0% in the vertical direction.</p>

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Resilient strategies for static and kinematic PPP-RTK under ionospheric disturbance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Sijie Lyu,
  • Yan Xiang,
  • Ningbo Wang,
  • Benedikt Soja,
  • Ling Pei,
  • Wenxian Yu,
  • Trieu‑Kien Turong

摘要

Precise point positioning real-time kinematic (PPP-RTK) is regionally instantaneous ambiguity-resolution enabled precise point positioning (PPP) with the aid of precise atmospheric corrections. However, obtaining precise ionospheric corrections becomes challenging especially under ionospheric disturbance, potentially degrading the solution even with augmentation. To address this issue, this paper aims to propose a satellite-specific ionospheric residual integrity monitoring (IRIM) index, which is broadcasted along with a grid-based slant ionospheric map to describe the uncertainty of ionospheric corrections. The uncertainty corresponds to the 95% quantile of modeling residuals of reference stations. Besides, three strategies in the user end are utilized to reduce the dependence on external ionospheric information: selective ionospheric correction usage (Strategy S), variance adjustment regarding the IRIM index (Strategy I), and prediction of ionospheric corrections (Strategy P). To validate the performance of the proposed method, both static and kinematic positioning tests are carried out. In static mode, employing all three strategies makes the positioning resilience of PPP-RTK comparable to PPP-AR. Compared to the original PPP-RTK, horizontal and vertical positioning accuracies improve by 86.9% and 78.7%, respectively. As for the kinematic test conducted in challenging environments, the proposed strategies lead to the best positioning results. Notably, the percentage of horizontal errors below 0.2 m increased significantly from 68.7% to 84.6% when compared to the conventional PPP-RTK. Similarly, the improvement ranges from 53.2% to 79.0% in the vertical direction.