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<p>Ionospheric delay remains one of the most challenging error sources in GNSS precise positioning. While the double-differenced technique effectively mitigates ionospheric effects in short-baseline real-time kinematic (RTK) applications, the double-differenced ionospheric delay (DDID) in long baselines significantly hinders ambiguity resolution reliability and degrades positioning accuracy. To address this, a step-by-step treatment for post-processing is proposed by incorporating ionosphere-weight (IW) filter and ionosphere domain-based integration (IDBI) algorithm to ultimately mitigate ionospheric effects. The IDBI can propagate DDIDs from fixed solutions to float and incorrectly fixed solutions within the same arc, thereby improving ionospheric delay estimation and enhancing positioning performance in the long-baseline. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an airborne experiment was conducted with a maximum baseline length exceeding 200&#xa0;km. The IDBI method achieved ionospheric delay estimation accuracy within 1&#xa0;cm throughout the entire period, requiring virtually no convergence time for ionospheric parameters. It reduced ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) to below 0.12 cycle within just 20&#xa0;s. Compared to traditional methods, IDBI increased the correct ambiguity fixing rate by 27.75% and improved positioning accuracy in the east/north/up components by 77.27, 56.52, and 70.93%, respectively. Additionally, the practical performance of the proposed method was validated through mapping accuracy evaluation. The generated point cloud maps demonstrated excellent consistency, with an average thickness of less than 5&#xa0;cm, which is comparable to the solutions obtained using Inertial Explorer in short-baselines.</p>

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Step-by-step treatment of ionospheric effects in long-baseline GNSS positioning: estimation, integration, and mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Qinqing Cai,
  • Feng Zhu,
  • Xiaohong Zhang,
  • Xi Chen,
  • Yuantai Zhang

摘要

Ionospheric delay remains one of the most challenging error sources in GNSS precise positioning. While the double-differenced technique effectively mitigates ionospheric effects in short-baseline real-time kinematic (RTK) applications, the double-differenced ionospheric delay (DDID) in long baselines significantly hinders ambiguity resolution reliability and degrades positioning accuracy. To address this, a step-by-step treatment for post-processing is proposed by incorporating ionosphere-weight (IW) filter and ionosphere domain-based integration (IDBI) algorithm to ultimately mitigate ionospheric effects. The IDBI can propagate DDIDs from fixed solutions to float and incorrectly fixed solutions within the same arc, thereby improving ionospheric delay estimation and enhancing positioning performance in the long-baseline. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an airborne experiment was conducted with a maximum baseline length exceeding 200 km. The IDBI method achieved ionospheric delay estimation accuracy within 1 cm throughout the entire period, requiring virtually no convergence time for ionospheric parameters. It reduced ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) to below 0.12 cycle within just 20 s. Compared to traditional methods, IDBI increased the correct ambiguity fixing rate by 27.75% and improved positioning accuracy in the east/north/up components by 77.27, 56.52, and 70.93%, respectively. Additionally, the practical performance of the proposed method was validated through mapping accuracy evaluation. The generated point cloud maps demonstrated excellent consistency, with an average thickness of less than 5 cm, which is comparable to the solutions obtained using Inertial Explorer in short-baselines.