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<p>Detecting terrestrial Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference (jamming and spoofing) using low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites has emerged as an effective approach and a key research direction in GNSS interference source monitoring. Existing studies primarily focus on either single-satellite or multi-satellite formation systems. However, a comprehensive comparison of their performance differences remains lacking. To bridge this gap, this study employs the HawkEye 360 constellation as a prototype for a triple-satellite formation system and constructs a single-satellite system for comparative analysis. The performance of both systems, under identical satellite count and orbital resource conditions, is evaluated based on key metrics, including constellation coverage, revisit efficiency, and positioning accuracy. Furthermore, we derive the positioning models for single-satellite Doppler and triple-satellite time- and frequency-difference of arrival (T/FDOA), along with their respective Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) expressions, while accounting for the impact of satellite orbital errors, interference source clock errors, and signal power-induced errors. To mitigate localization failures caused by large initial position deviations, we propose a grid-based method for selecting initial positions based on the longest available satellite measurement data. Simulation results indicate that the single-satellite system offers significant advantages in both instantaneous and cumulative coverage as well as revisit efficiency but exhibits lower short-term localization accuracy, which improves with accumulated observations. In contrast, the triple-satellite formation system enables higher short-term localization accuracy and instantaneous positioning capability but suffers from reduced coverage. These findings suggest that the single-satellite system is more suitable for applications prioritizing extensive coverage and revisit efficiency, whereas the triple-satellite formation system is better suited for high-precision localization tasks.</p>

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GNSS interference monitoring based on LEO: suitability study of single-satellite and triple-satellite formation systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Pengrui Mao,
  • Hong Yuan,
  • Fan Feng,
  • Chuhan Huang,
  • Xiao Chen,
  • Zhengkun Chen,
  • Xuelin Yuan,
  • Xiangwei Zhu

摘要

Detecting terrestrial Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference (jamming and spoofing) using low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites has emerged as an effective approach and a key research direction in GNSS interference source monitoring. Existing studies primarily focus on either single-satellite or multi-satellite formation systems. However, a comprehensive comparison of their performance differences remains lacking. To bridge this gap, this study employs the HawkEye 360 constellation as a prototype for a triple-satellite formation system and constructs a single-satellite system for comparative analysis. The performance of both systems, under identical satellite count and orbital resource conditions, is evaluated based on key metrics, including constellation coverage, revisit efficiency, and positioning accuracy. Furthermore, we derive the positioning models for single-satellite Doppler and triple-satellite time- and frequency-difference of arrival (T/FDOA), along with their respective Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) expressions, while accounting for the impact of satellite orbital errors, interference source clock errors, and signal power-induced errors. To mitigate localization failures caused by large initial position deviations, we propose a grid-based method for selecting initial positions based on the longest available satellite measurement data. Simulation results indicate that the single-satellite system offers significant advantages in both instantaneous and cumulative coverage as well as revisit efficiency but exhibits lower short-term localization accuracy, which improves with accumulated observations. In contrast, the triple-satellite formation system enables higher short-term localization accuracy and instantaneous positioning capability but suffers from reduced coverage. These findings suggest that the single-satellite system is more suitable for applications prioritizing extensive coverage and revisit efficiency, whereas the triple-satellite formation system is better suited for high-precision localization tasks.