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<p>In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) has demonstrated great potential for monitoring reflector height variation. However, both the precision and temporal resolution of GNSS-IR have yet to fully meet the requirement to monitor water-level fluctuations (typically sudden and unpredictable) caused by some extreme events (e.g., tsunamis and storm surges). Compared to the GNSS, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) navigation satellites have faster movement relative to Earth, and complete LEO constellations have more satellites, thus they are expected to improve the estimation of extreme event-induced water-level fluctuations at a higher temporal resolution and precision. In this study, we, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of LEO Interferometric Reflectometry (LEO-IR) using real signal-to-noise ratio data from one CENTISPACE™ experimental satellite; results also show that LEO-IR achieves seconds-scale estimation of reflector height variation, while GNSS-IR delays to minutes-scale. Further, simulated experiments show that a complete LEO constellation of 120 satellites can further enhance retrievals comprehensively compared to existing multi-GNSS. Specifically, comparisons between LEO-IR and GNSS-IR in the precision and temporal-spatial resolution of storm surge waveform recovery show that LEO-IR achieves a Root Mean Square (RMS) of 0.7&#xa0;cm with 44 time-coincident arcs and nearly seamless 360-degree distribution, whereas GNSS-IR achieves a RMS of 3.2&#xa0;cm with 10 time-coincident arcs and sparse azimuthal distribution. Therefore, we believe that in the future LEO-IR is poised to offer more valuable information in coastal environments, particularly for monitoring extreme events.</p>

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Low earth orbit interferometric reflectometry (LEO-IR): results and implications from real CENTISPACE™ observations and a simulated LEO constellation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Jiawei Zheng,
  • Wenwen Li,
  • Long Yang,
  • Qile Zhao,
  • Qiangwen Yang,
  • Xiaodong Du,
  • Kecai Jiang,
  • Min Li,
  • Rongxin Fang

摘要

In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) has demonstrated great potential for monitoring reflector height variation. However, both the precision and temporal resolution of GNSS-IR have yet to fully meet the requirement to monitor water-level fluctuations (typically sudden and unpredictable) caused by some extreme events (e.g., tsunamis and storm surges). Compared to the GNSS, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) navigation satellites have faster movement relative to Earth, and complete LEO constellations have more satellites, thus they are expected to improve the estimation of extreme event-induced water-level fluctuations at a higher temporal resolution and precision. In this study, we, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of LEO Interferometric Reflectometry (LEO-IR) using real signal-to-noise ratio data from one CENTISPACE™ experimental satellite; results also show that LEO-IR achieves seconds-scale estimation of reflector height variation, while GNSS-IR delays to minutes-scale. Further, simulated experiments show that a complete LEO constellation of 120 satellites can further enhance retrievals comprehensively compared to existing multi-GNSS. Specifically, comparisons between LEO-IR and GNSS-IR in the precision and temporal-spatial resolution of storm surge waveform recovery show that LEO-IR achieves a Root Mean Square (RMS) of 0.7 cm with 44 time-coincident arcs and nearly seamless 360-degree distribution, whereas GNSS-IR achieves a RMS of 3.2 cm with 10 time-coincident arcs and sparse azimuthal distribution. Therefore, we believe that in the future LEO-IR is poised to offer more valuable information in coastal environments, particularly for monitoring extreme events.